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vii | |
| Foreword to the First Edition |
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ix | |
| Preface to the First Edition and Summary |
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xi | |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
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1 | (20) |
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The Relevance of Comparisons |
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1 | (1) |
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A Brief History of Federalism |
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2 | (2) |
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The Relevance of Federalism in the 1990s |
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4 | (2) |
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Definition of Terms and Principles of Federalism |
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6 | (8) |
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Federal Societies, Constitutions and Governments |
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14 | (3) |
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Issues in the Design and Operation of Federations |
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17 | (1) |
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Criteria for the Selection of Federations Considered in this Study |
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18 | (3) |
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Overview of the Federations Compared in this Study |
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21 | (14) |
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Established Federations in Developed Countries |
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21 | (6) |
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United States of America (1789) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Selected Multilingual Federations in Developing Countries |
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27 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Recently Emerged and Emerging Federations |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Bicommunal Federations That Have Separated |
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31 | (4) |
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Czechoslovakia (1920-1992) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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The Distribution of Powers in Federations |
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35 | (8) |
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The Issue of Balancing Unity and Diversity |
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35 | (1) |
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Relationship between Distributions of Legislative and Executive Powers |
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36 | (1) |
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Variations in the Form of the Distribution of Legislative Authority |
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37 | (3) |
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Exclusive Legislative Powers |
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37 | (1) |
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Concurrent Legislative Powers |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Scope of Legislative Powers Allocated |
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40 | (1) |
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Distribution of Administrative Responsibilities |
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41 | (2) |
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The Distribution of Finances |
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43 | (14) |
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Importance of the Allocation of Financial Resources |
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43 | (1) |
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The Distribution of Revenue Powers |
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43 | (1) |
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The Allocation of Expenditure Powers |
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44 | (1) |
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The Issue of Vertical and Horizontal Imbalances |
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45 | (2) |
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The Role of Financial Transfers |
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47 | (1) |
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Conditional or Unconditional Transfers |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (3) |
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Processes and Institutions for Adjusting Financial Arrangements |
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53 | (4) |
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Processes for Flexibility and Adjustment in Federations |
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57 | (6) |
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Importance of Processes for Intergovernmental Collaboration |
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57 | (1) |
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Forms and Extent of Intergovernmental Relations |
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57 | (2) |
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Other Devices for Flexibility and Adjustment in the Distribution of Powers |
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59 | (1) |
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Cooperative versus Competitive Federalism |
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60 | (1) |
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Implications for the Democratic Character of Federations |
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61 | (2) |
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Symmetry and Asymmetry in Federations |
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63 | (6) |
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Political and Constitutional Asymmetry Distinguished |
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63 | (1) |
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Examples of Political Asymmetry |
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63 | (3) |
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Examples of Constitutional Asymmetry |
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66 | (3) |
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Multilevel Federal Systems |
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69 | (2) |
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The Impact of Membership in Supra-federation Federal Organizations |
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69 | (1) |
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The Place of Local Governments |
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70 | (1) |
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Degrees of Decentralization and Non-Centralization in Federations |
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71 | (12) |
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Conceptual Issues in Measuring Decentralization and Relative Autonomy |
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71 | (4) |
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Legislative Decentralization |
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72 | (1) |
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Administrative Decentralization |
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73 | (1) |
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Financial Decentralization |
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73 | (1) |
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Decentralization to Non-governmental Agencies |
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74 | (1) |
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Constitutional Limitations |
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75 | (1) |
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The Character of Federal Decision Making |
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75 | (1) |
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A Comparative Assessment in Relation to Canada |
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75 | (5) |
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80 | (3) |
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The Representative Institutions of Federal Governments |
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83 | (16) |
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The Importance of Shared Federal Institutions as a Focus for Unity |
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83 | (1) |
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Institutions Based on the Separation of Powers or Parliamentary Principles |
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84 | (1) |
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The Significance of These Forms for the Representativeness and Effectiveness of Federal Governments |
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85 | (5) |
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The Impact of Electoral Systems and Political Parties |
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90 | (2) |
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The Role of Federal Second Chambers |
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92 | (7) |
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Bicameralism within Federations |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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Basis of Regional Representation |
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95 | (1) |
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Powers of Second Chambers Relative to the First Chamber |
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96 | (3) |
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Constitutional Supremacy in Federations |
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99 | (10) |
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The Constitution as Supreme Law |
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99 | (1) |
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Processes for Constitutional Adjudication and Judicial Review |
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99 | (1) |
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Supreme Courts and Constitutional Courts |
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100 | (1) |
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Constitutional Amendment Procedures |
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101 | (3) |
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The Role of Constitutional Bills of Rights |
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104 | (3) |
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Provisions for Formal Secession |
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107 | (2) |
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The Pathology of Federations |
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109 | (8) |
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Significance of the Pathology of Federations |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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The Distribution and Character of Internal Social Divisions |
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110 | (1) |
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The Role of the Institutions and Structures of Federations |
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110 | (2) |
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Strategies Adopted to Combat Disintegration |
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112 | (1) |
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Polarizing Political Processes |
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112 | (1) |
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The Special Problem of Bicommunal Federations |
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113 | (1) |
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Processes and Consequences of Disintegration |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (8) |
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Canada in Comparative Perspective |
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117 | (3) |
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Implications for the Future Development of the Canadian Federation |
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120 | (5) |
| Appendix A The Distribution of Powers and Functions in Federations: A Comparative Overview |
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125 | (6) |
| Notes |
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131 | (4) |
| Selected Readings |
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135 | |
Other versions by this Author
