
The Craft of Research
by Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M.-
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Research, Researchers, and Readers | p. 1 |
Prologue: Starting a Research Project | p. 3 |
Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private | p. 9 |
What Is Research? | p. 10 |
Why Write It Up? | p. 12 |
Why a Formal Report? | p. 13 |
Conclusion | p. 15 |
Connecting with Your Reader: (Re)Creating Your Self and Your Audience | p. 17 |
Creating Roles for Writers and Readers | p. 17 |
Creating a Relationship with Your Reader: Your Role | p. 19 |
Creating the Other Half of the Relationship: The Reader's Role | p. 22 |
Writing in Groups | p. 26 |
Managing the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience | p. 30 |
Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers | p. 32 |
Asking Questions, Finding Answers | p. 35 |
Prologue: Planning Your Project | p. 37 |
From Topics to Questions | p. 40 |
From an Interest to a Topic | p. 41 |
From a Broad Topic to a Focused One | p. 43 |
From a Focused Topic to Questions | p. 45 |
From a Merely Interesting Question to Its Wider Significance | p. 49 |
Quick Tip: Finding Topics | p. 53 |
From Questions to Problems | p. 56 |
Problems, Problems, Problems | p. 57 |
The Common Structure of Problems | p. 60 |
Finding a Good Research Problem | p. 68 |
Summary: The Problem of the Problem | p. 70 |
Quick Tip: Disagreeing with Your Sources | p. 72 |
From Problems to Sources | p. 75 |
Screening Sources for Reliability | p. 76 |
Locating Printed and Recorded Sources | p. 79 |
Finding Sources on the Internet | p. 83 |
Gathering Data Directly from People | p. 85 |
Bibliographic Trails | p. 88 |
What You Find | p. 88 |
Using Sources | p. 90 |
Three Uses for Sources | p. 91 |
Reading Generously but Critically | p. 95 |
Preserving What You Find | p. 96 |
Getting Help | p. 104 |
Quick Tip: Speedy Reading | p. 106 |
Making a Claim and Supporting it | p. 109 |
Prologue: Pulling Together Your Argument | p. 111 |
Making Good Arguments: An Overview | p. 114 |
Argument and Conversation | p. 114 |
Basing Claims on Reasons | p. 116 |
Basing Reasons on Evidence | p. 117 |
Acknowledging and Responding to Alternatives | p. 118 |
Warranting the Relevance of Reasons | p. 119 |
Building Complex Arguments Out of Simple Ones | p. 121 |
Arguments and Your Ethos | p. 122 |
Quick Tip: Designing Arguments Not for Yourself but for Your Readers: Two Common Pitfalls | p. 124 |
Claims | p. 127 |
What Kind of Claim? | p. 127 |
Evaluating Your Claim | p. 129 |
Quick Tip: Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility | p. 135 |
Reasons and Evidence | p. 138 |
Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument | p. 138 |
The Slippery Distinction between Reasons and Evidence | p. 140 |
Evidence vs. Reports of Evidence | p. 142 |
Selecting the Right Form for Reporting Evidence | p. 144 |
Reliable Evidence | p. 145 |
Quick Tip: Showing the Relevance of Evidence | p. 149 |
Acknowledgments and Responses | p. 151 |
Questioning Your Argument | p. 152 |
Finding Alternatives to Your Argument | p. 154 |
Deciding What to Acknowledge | p. 157 |
Responses as Subordinate Arguments | p. 159 |
Quick Tip: The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response | p. 161 |
Warrants | p. 165 |
How Warrants Work | p. 166 |
What Warrants Look Like | p. 168 |
Knowing When to State a Warrant | p. 168 |
Testing Your Warrants | p. 170 |
Challenging the Warrants of Others | p. 177 |
Quick Tip: Some Strategies for Challenging Warrants | p. 179 |
Preparing to Draft, Drafting, and Revising | p. 183 |
Prologue: Planning Again | p. 185 |
Quick Tip: Outlining | p. 187 |
Planning and Drafting | p. 189 |
Preliminaries to Drafting | p. 189 |
Planning: Four Traps to Avoid | p. 191 |
A Plan for Drafting | p. 193 |
The Pitfall to Avoid at All Costs: Plagiarism | p. 201 |
The Next Step | p. 204 |
Quick Tip: Using Quotation and Paraphrase | p. 205 |
Revising Your Organization and Argument | p. 208 |
Thinking Like a Reader | p. 209 |
Analyzing and Revising Your Overall Organization | p. 209 |
Revising Your Argument | p. 216 |
The Last Step | p. 218 |
Quick Tip: Titles and Abstracts | p. 219 |
Introductions and Conclusions | p. 222 |
The Three Elements of an Introduction | p. 222 |
Establishing Common Ground | p. 225 |
Stating Your Problem | p. 228 |
Stating Your Response | p. 232 |
Fast or Slow? | p. 234 |
Organizing the Whole Introduction | p. 235 |
Conclusions | p. 236 |
Quick Tip: Opening and Closing Words | p. 238 |
Communicating Evidence Visually | p. 241 |
Visual or Verbal? | p. 244 |
Tables vs. Figures | p. 244 |
Constructing Tables | p. 245 |
Constructing Figures | p. 248 |
Visual Communication and Ethics | p. 260 |
Using Graphics as an Aid to Thinking | p. 261 |
Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly | p. 263 |
Judging Style | p. 263 |
A First Principle: Stories and Grammar | p. 265 |
A Second Principle: Old Before New | p. 274 |
Choosing between Active and Passive | p. 275 |
A Final Principle: Complexity Last | p. 277 |
Spit and Polish | p. 280 |
Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision | p. 281 |
Some Last Considerations | p. 283 |
The Ethics of Research | p. 285 |
A Postscript for Teachers | p. 289 |
An Appendix on Finding Sources | p. 297 |
General Sources | p. 298 |
Special Sources | p. 299 |
A Note on Some of Our Sources | p. 317 |
Index | p. 325 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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