PREFACE |
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ix | |
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1 UNDERSTANDING CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY |
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1 | (28) |
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What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (6) |
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10 | (1) |
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Empirical Examination of Culture |
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11 | (3) |
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Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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The Cultural Mixtures Approach: A New Cross-Cultural Psychology in the Twenty-First Century? |
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19 | (1) |
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The Integrative Approach: A Summary |
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20 | (2) |
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What Is Indigenous Psychology? |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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What Is Multiculturalism? |
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23 | (1) |
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A Brief History of the Field |
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24 | (5) |
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2 METHODOLOGY OF CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH |
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29 | (30) |
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Goals of Cross-Cultural Research |
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31 | (1) |
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Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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31 | (1) |
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Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales |
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32 | (1) |
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Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences |
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33 | (1) |
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Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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34 | (1) |
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Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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Meta-Analysis: Research of Research |
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43 | (1) |
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A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation |
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44 | (1) |
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Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles |
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45 | (2) |
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On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Avoiding Bias of Generalizations |
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49 | (1) |
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Know More about Cultures You Examine |
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50 | (9) |
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3 CRITICAL THINKING IN CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY |
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59 | (44) |
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The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe |
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61 | (2) |
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Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray? |
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63 | (2) |
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The Similarity—Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different |
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65 | (3) |
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The Barnum Effect: "One-Size-Fits-All" Descriptions |
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68 | (2) |
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The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses |
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70 | (3) |
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The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization |
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73 | (3) |
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The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events |
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76 | (3) |
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The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences |
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79 | (3) |
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The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality |
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82 | (2) |
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Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why" |
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84 | (3) |
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Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways |
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87 | (3) |
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The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line between "Is" and "Should" |
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90 | (4) |
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The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!" |
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94 | (4) |
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Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?" |
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98 | (5) |
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4 COGNITION: SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS |
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103 | (30) |
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Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles |
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104 | (2) |
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How Culture Influences What We Perceive |
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106 | (2) |
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How People Perceive Depictions |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions? |
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110 | (1) |
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Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing Pictures |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (2) |
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Perception of the Beautiful |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Consciousness and Culture |
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120 | (2) |
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Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams |
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122 | (4) |
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Beyond Altered States of Consciousness |
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126 | (7) |
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133 | (32) |
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134 | (3) |
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Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores |
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137 | (1) |
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Explaining Group Differences 'In Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior |
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138 | (2) |
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Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence? |
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140 | (1) |
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Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases |
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141 | (2) |
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A Word about "Cultural Literacy" |
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143 | (2) |
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Environment and Intelligence 143 Socioeconomic Factors |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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"Natural Selection" and IQ Scores |
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147 | (2) |
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Cultural Values of Cognition |
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149 | (4) |
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General Cognition: What Is "Underneath" Intelligence? |
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153 | (2) |
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Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems |
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155 | (1) |
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Culture, Tests, and Motivation |
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156 | (1) |
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IQ, Culture, and Social Justice |
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157 | (2) |
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And in the End, Moral Values |
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159 | (6) |
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165 | (26) |
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When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience |
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167 | (3) |
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You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience |
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170 | (3) |
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Emotions: Different or Universal? |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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The Meaning of Preceding Events |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way |
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179 | (1) |
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How People Assess Emotional Experience |
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179 | (1) |
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When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
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When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger |
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185 | (1) |
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Emotion and Inclination to Act |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (5) |
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7 MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR |
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191 | (26) |
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Sociobiology: A Glance into Evolution |
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192 | (2) |
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Social Science: See the Society First |
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194 | (1) |
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Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation |
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194 | (1) |
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The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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Learning and Motivation: Cognitive Theories |
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198 | (1) |
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A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference |
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199 | (1) |
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When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders |
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199 | (1) |
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Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation |
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200 | (4) |
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Aggressive Motivation and Violence |
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204 | (6) |
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210 | (3) |
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Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities |
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213 | (4) |
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8 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION |
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217 | (28) |
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Development and Socialization |
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218 | (1) |
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Quality of Life and the Child's Development |
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219 | (1) |
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Norms, Customs, and Child Care |
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220 | (2) |
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Parental Values and Expectations |
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222 | (1) |
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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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223 | (2) |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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225 | (1) |
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Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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Life before Birth: Prenatal Period |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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Discovering the World: Childhood |
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233 | (2) |
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Major Rehearsal: Adolescence |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (5) |
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9 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS |
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245 | (36) |
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American Background: DSM-IV |
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247 | (1) |
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Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (5) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (6) |
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Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound? |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (7) |
10 SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND SOCIAL COGNITION |
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281 | (24) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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Western and Non-Western Values |
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286 | (1) |
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Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance Theory |
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287 | (1) |
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Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Attribution as Locus of Control |
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290 | (2) |
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Attribution of Success and Failure |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body? |
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296 | (1) |
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Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures |
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297 | (2) |
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Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations |
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299 | (6) |
11 SOCIAL INTERACTION |
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305 | (24) |
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306 | (4) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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Is Conformity Universal across Cultures? |
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313 | (4) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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Feeling Good about Some Views |
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320 | (1) |
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Is Social Loafing Universal? |
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321 | (1) |
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Cooperation and Competition |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (6) |
12 APPLIED CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY: SOME HIGHLIGHTS |
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329 | (24) |
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331 | (1) |
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Medical and Counseling Decisions |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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Culture, Behavior, and the Law |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (3) |
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Working and Serving Abroad |
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346 | (2) |
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Religion: A Campus Context |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (4) |
REFERENCES |
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353 | (26) |
AUTHOR INDEX |
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379 | (6) |
SUBJECT INDEX |
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385 | |