Malware Forensics Field Guide for Windows Systems

by Malin, Cameron H.; Casey, Eoghan; Aquilina, James M.; Rose, Curtis W.

ISBN13: 9781597494724

ISBN10: 1597494720

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2012-06-13

Publisher(s): Syngress Media Inc

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Summary

The Syngress Digital Forensic Field Guides series is a hand-held companion for any digital and computer forensic investigator and analyst. Each book is a "tool" with checklists for specific tasks, case studies of difficult situations, and expert analyst tips. Growth in technology has resulted in more technology crimes spurring the need for more computer forensics analysts and investigators. A Computer Forensics Analyst, recovers data from digital media that will be used in criminal prosecution. Digital media refers to all methods of electronic data storage and transfer devices including computers, laptops, PDAs and the images, spreadsheets and other types of files stored on these devices. Many forensics analysts work across a variety of platforms for different job.*A condensed hand-held guide complete with on-the-job tasks and checklists*Specific for Windows-based systems, the largest running OS in the world*Authors are world-renowned leaders in investigating and analyzing malicious code

Acknowledgments	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xvii
About the Technical Editor	p. xxi
Introduction	p. xxiii
Malware Incident Response
Introduction	p. 2
Local versus Remote Collection	p. 3
Volatile Data Collection Methodology	p. 4
Preservation of Volatile Data	p. 4
Physical Memory Acquisition on a Live Windows System	p. 5
Acquiring Physical Memory Locally	p. 6
GUI-based Memory Dumping Tools	p. 7
Remote Physical Memory Acquisition	p. 8
Collecting Subject System Details	p. 11
Identifying Users Logged into the System	p. 13
Collecting Process Information	p. 18
Process Name and Process Identification	p. 18
Process to Executable Program Mapping: Full System Path to Executable File	p. 19
Process to User Mapping	p. 20
Child Processes	p. 20
Dependencies Loaded by Running Processes	p. 21
Correlate Open Ports with Running Processes and Programs	p. 22
Identifying Services and Drivers	p. 23
Examining Running Services	p. 24
Examining Installed Drivers	p. 24
Determining Open Files	p. 25
Identifying Files Opened Locally	p. 25
Identifying Files Opened Remotely	p. 25
Collecting Command History	p. 26
Identifying Shares	p. 26
Determining Scheduled Tasks	p. 27
Collecting Clipboard Contents	p. 27
Non-Volatile Data Collection from a Live Windows System	p. 28
Forensic Duplication of Storage Media on a Live Windows System	p. 29
Forensic Preservation of Select Data on a Live Windows System	p. 29
Assess Security Configuration	p. 30
Assess Trusted Host Relationships	p. 30
Inspect Prefetch Files	p. 31
Inspect Auto-starting Locations	p. 31
Collect Event Logs	p. 32
Logon and Logoff Events	p. 33
Review User Account and Group Policy Information	p. 33
Examine the File System	p. 33
Dumping and Parsing Registry Contents	p. 34
Remote Registry Analysis	p. 35
Examine Web Browsing Activities	p. 37
Examine Cookie Files	p. 38
Inspect Protected Storage	p. 38
Malware Artifact Discovery and Extraction from a Live Windows System	p. 39
Extracting Suspicious Files	p. 39
Extracting Suspicious Files with F-Response	p. 41
Conclusions	p. 42
Pitfalls to Avoid	p. 43
Incident Response Tool Suites	p. 62
Remote Collection Tools	p. 68
Volatile Data Collection and Analysis Tools	p. 71
Physical Memory Acquisition	p. 71
Collecting Subject System Details	p. 75
Identifying Users Logged into the System	p. 75
Network Connections and Activity	p. 76
Process Analysis	p. 79
Handles	p. 80
Loaded DLLs	p. 80
Correlate Open Ports with Running Processes and Programs	p. 81
Command-line Arguments	p. 81
Services	p. 81
Drivers	p. 82
Opened Files	p. 82
Determining Scheduled Tasks	p. 83
Clipboard Contents	p. 83
Non-Volatile Data Collection and Analysis Tools	p. 84
System Security Configuration	p. 84
Prefetch File Analysis	p. 84
Auto-Start Locations	p. 85
Event Logs	p. 85
Group Policies	p. 86
File System: Hidden Files and Alternate Data Streams	p. 86
Dumping and Parsing Registry Contents	p. 88
Web History	p. 88
Malware Extraction	p. 89
Selected Readings	p. 91
Books	p. 91
Papers	p. 91
Jurisprudence/RFCs/Technical Specifications	p. 91
Memory Forensics
Introduction	p. 93
Investigative Considerations	p. 94
Memory Forensics Overview	p. 94
Old School Memory Analysis	p. 96
How Windows Memory Forensic Tools Work	p. 98
Windows Memory Forensic Tools	p. 98
Processes and Threads	p. 99
Modules and Libraries	p. 106
Open Files and Sockets	p. 109
Various Data Structures	p. 112
Dumping Windows Process Memory	p. 118
Recovering Executable Files	p. 118
Recovering Process Memory	p. 119
Extracting Process Memory on Live Systems	p. 120
Dissecting Windows Process Memory	p. 121
Conclusions	p. 126
Pitfalls to Avoid	p. 127
Memory Forensics: Field Notes	p. 128
Selected Readings	p. 154
Books	p. 154
Papers	p. 154
Jurisprudence/RFCs/Technical Specifications	p. 154
Post-Mortem Forensics
Introduction	p. 155
Windows Forensic Analysis Overview	p. 156
Malware Discovery and Extraction from Windows Systems	p. 159
Search for Known Malware	p. 159
Survey Installed Programs	p. 161
Examine Prefetch Files	p. 163
Inspect Executables	p. 164
Inspect Services, Drivers, Auto-starting Locations, and
Scheduled Jobs	p. 165
Examine Logs	p. 166
Review User Accounts and Logon Activities	p. 168
Examine Windows File System	p. 169
Examine Windows Registry	p. 170
Restore Points	p. 171
Keyword Searching	p. 172
Forensic Reconstruction of Compromised Windows Systems	p. 173
Advanced Malware Discovery and Extraction from a Windows System	p. 174
Conclusions	p. 175
Pitfalls to Avoid	p. 176
Windows System Examination: Field Notes	p. 177
Mounting Forensic Duplicates	p. 185
Forensic Examination of Window Systems	p. 187
Timeline Generation	p. 190
Forensic Examination of Common Sources of Information on Windows Systems	p. 192
Selected Readings	p. 202
Books	p. 202
Papers	p. 202
Legal Considerations
Framing The Issues	p. 204
General Considerations	p. 204
The Legal Landscape	p. 204
Sources of Investigative Authority	p. 205
Jurisdictional Authority	p. 205
Private Authority	p. 208
Statutory/Public Authority	p. 209
Statutory Limits on Authority	p. 210
Stored Data	p. 210
Real-time Data	p. 211
Protected Data	p. 213
Tools for Acquiring Data	p. 218
Business Use	p. 219
Investigative Use	p. 219
Dual Use	p. 220
Acquiring Data across Borders	p. 222
Workplace Data in Private or Civil Inquiries	p. 222
Workplace Data in Government or Criminal Inquiries	p. 224
Involving Law Enforcement	p. 226
Victim Reluctance	p. 226
Victim Misperception	p. 227
The Law Enforcement Perspective	p. 227
Walking the Line	p. 228
Improving Chances for Admissibility	p. 229
Documentation	p. 229
Preservation	p. 229
Chain of Custody	p. 230
State Private Investigator and Breach Notification Statutes	p. 231
International Resources	p. 233
Cross-Border Investigations	p. 233
The Federal Rules: Evidence for Digital Investigators	p. 234
Relevance	p. 234
Authentication	p. 234
Best Evidence	p. 234
Expert Testimony	p. 235
Limitations on Waiver of the Attorney-Client Privilege	p. 235
File Identification and Profiling
Introduction	p. 237
Overview of the File Profiling Process	p. 238
Profiling a Suspicious File	p. 240
Command-Line Interface MD5 Tools	p. 243
GUI MD5 Tools	p. 243
File Similarity Indexing	p. 245
File Visualization	p. 246
File Signature Identification and Classification	p. 247
File Types	p. 247
File Signature Identification and Classification Tools	p. 248
Anti-virus Signatures	p. 251
Web-based Malware Scanning Services	p. 252
Embedded Artifact Extraction: Strings, Symbolic Information, and File Metadata	p. 255
Strings	p. 255
Inspecting File Dependencies: Dynamic or Static Linking	p. 259
Symbolic and Debug Information	p. 261
Embedded File Metadata	p. 261
File Obfuscation: Packing and Encryption Identification	p. 267
Packers	p. 267
Cryptors	p. 269
Binders, Joiners, and Wrappers	p. 272
Embedded Artifact Extraction Revisited	p. 272
Windows Portable Executable File Format	p. 272
Profiling Suspect Document Files	p. 281
Profiling Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) Files	p. 282
PDF File Format	p. 282
PDF Profiling Process: CLI Tools	p. 285
PDF Profiling Process: GUI Tools	p. 292
Profiling Microsoft (MS) Office Files	p. 295
Microsoft Office Documents: Word, PowerPoint, Excel	p. 295
MS Office Documents: File Format	p. 295
MS Office Documents: Vulnerabilities and Exploits	p. 298
MS Office Document Profiling Process	p. 298
Deeper Profiling with OfficeMalScanner	p. 301
Profiling Microsoft Compiled HTML Help Files (CHM)	p. 308
CHM Profiling Process	p. 308
Conclusion	p. 311
Pitfalls to Avoid	p. 313
Selected Readings	p. 317
Papers	p. 317
Online Resources	p. 317
Technical Specifications	p. 318
Analysis of a Malware Specimen
Introduction	p. 363
Coals	p. 364
Guidelines for Examining a Malicious File Specimen	p. 365
Establishing the Environment Baseline	p. 365
System "Snapshots"	p. 366
Host Integrity Monitors	p. 366
Installation Monitors	p. 367
Pre-Execution Preparation: System and Network Monitoring	p. 369
Passive System and Network Monitoring	p. 370
Active System and Network Monitoring	p. 371
Execution Artifact Capture: Digital Impression and Trace Evidence	p. 380
Impression Evidence	p. 380
Trace Evidence	p. 380
Digital Impression Evidence	p. 380
Digital Trace Evidence	p. 381
Executing the Malicious Code Specimen	p. 385
Execution Trajectory Analysis: Observing Network, Process, Api, File System, and Registry Activity	p. 386
Network Activity: Network Trajectory, Impression, and Trace Evidence	p. 386
Environment Emulation and Adjustment: Network Trajectory Reconstruction	p. 388
Network Trajectory Reconstruction: Chaining	p. 389
Network Impression and Trace Evidence	p. 390
Using a Netcat Listener	p. 391
Examining Process Activity	p. 393
Process Spying: Monitoring API Calls	p. 394
"Peeping Tom": Window Spying	p. 395
Examining File System Activity	p. 396
Examining Registry Activity	p. 397
Automated Malware Analysis Frameworks	p. 397
Online Malware Analysis Sandboxes	p. 400
Defeating Obfuscation	p. 402
Custom Unpacking Tools	p. 403
Dumping a Suspect Process from Memory	p. 404
Locating the OEP and Extracting with OllyDump	p. 406
Reconstructing the Imports	p. 411
Embedded Artifact Extraction Revisited	p. 412
Examining the Suspect Program in a Disassembler	p. 413
Advanced PE Analysis: Examining PE Resources and Dependencies	p. 416
Interacting with and Manipulating the Malware Specimen: Exploring and Verifying Functionality and Purpose API Hooking	p. 424
Prompting Trigger Events	p. 424
Client Applications	p. 425
Event Reconstruction and Artifact Review: Post-Run Data Analysis	p. 426
Passive Monitoring Artifacts	p. 427
Active Monitoring Artifacts	p. 429
Analyzing Captured Network Traffic	p. 430
Analyzing API Calls	p. 431
Physical Memory Artifacts	p. 432
Digital Virology: Advanced Profiling Through Malware Taxonomy and Phylogeny	p. 432
Context Triggered Piecewise Hashing	p. 435
Textual and Binary Indicators of Likeness	p. 435
Function Flowgraphs	p. 439
Process Memory Trajectory Analysis	p. 442
Visualization	p. 444
Behavioral Profiling and Classification	p. 446
Conclusion	p. 449
Pitfalls to Avoid	p. 450
Selected Readings	p. 454
Books	p. 454
Papers	p. 454
Index	p. 505
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