Political Science : An Introduction,9780131932913

Political Science : An Introduction

by Roskin, Michael G.
Edition: 9th
ISBN13: 9780131932913
ISBN10: 0131932918
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

Exceptionally up-to-date and rich in cross-national examples,Political Science offers an unbiased and thorough introduction to the basic concepts and theories of political science. With a critical look at the major theories, it exposes students to many ways of thinking, and challenges them to think critically. Emphasizing both U.S. and comparative politics provides students with a solid foundation for connecting their studies ot what is happening in the world around them.

Table of Contents

Preface xxiii
Part I The Bases of Politics
A Science of Politics?
1(17)
The Master Science
2(3)
History
3(1)
Human Geography
4(1)
Economics
4(1)
Sociology
4(1)
Anthropology
4(1)
Psychology
5(1)
Political Power
5(7)
Biological
5(3)
Psychological
8(1)
Cultural
8(1)
Rational
9(1)
Irrational
10(1)
Power as a Composite
11(1)
Is Politics a Science?
12(4)
The Struggle to See Clearly
12(3)
What Good Is Political Science?
15(1)
Key Terms
16(1)
Key Web Sites
17(1)
Further Reference
17(1)
Theories: Classic and Modern
18(18)
Classic Theories
20(6)
The Contractualists
22(1)
Marxist Theories
23(2)
Institutional Theories
25(1)
Contemporary Theories
26(8)
Behavioralism
26(2)
Systems Theory
28(3)
Modernization Theory
31(1)
Rational-Choice Theory
32(1)
New Institutionalism
33(1)
Key Terms
34(1)
Key Web Sites
34(1)
Further Reference
35(1)
Nations, States, and Governments
36(18)
The Elements of Nationhood
37(4)
Territory
37(2)
Population
39(1)
Independence
39(1)
Government
40(1)
The Crises of Nation Building
41(3)
Identity
41(1)
Legitimacy
41(1)
Penetration
41(1)
Participation
42(1)
Distribution
42(2)
Government: What It Is and What It Does
44(6)
Classifying Governments
45(2)
The State as Agent of Modernization
47(3)
Making Public Policy
50(2)
Public Policies: Material and Symbolic
51(1)
Key Terms
52(1)
Key Web Sites
53(1)
Further Reference
53(1)
Individuals and Constitutions
54(17)
Constitutions in the Modern World
55(6)
The Highest Law of the Land
56(3)
The Purpose of a Constitution
59(2)
The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution
61(4)
Can the Constitution Ensure Rights?
62(3)
Freedom of Expression in the United States
65(4)
Free Speech and Sedition
66(3)
Key Terms
69(1)
Key Web Sites
70(1)
Further Reference
70(1)
Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Authoritarianism
71(21)
Modern Democracy
73(5)
Representative Democracy
74(4)
Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism?
78(4)
Totalitarianism
82(4)
What Is Totalitarianism?
82(4)
Authoritarianism
86(1)
Authoritarianism and the Developing Nations
87(1)
The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes
87(3)
Key Terms
90(1)
Key Web Sites
90(1)
Further Reference
91(1)
Part II Political Attitudes
Political Ideologies
92(22)
What Is Ideology?
93(1)
The Major Ideologies
93(14)
Classic Liberalism
93(3)
Classic Conservatism
96(1)
Modern Liberalism
97(1)
Modern Conservatism
98(1)
Marxist Socialism
99(2)
Social Democracy
101(1)
Communism
102(3)
Nationalism
105(1)
Fascism
106(1)
Ideology in Our Day
107(4)
The Collapse of Communism
107(1)
Neoconservatism
108(1)
Libertarianism
109(1)
Feminism
109(1)
Environmentalism
110(1)
Is Ideology Finished?
111(1)
Key Terms
112(1)
Key Web Sites
112(1)
Further Reference
113(1)
Political Culture
114(19)
What Is Political Culture?
115(4)
Political Culture and Public Opinion
115(2)
Participation in America
117(2)
The Decay of Political Culture
119(8)
Elite and Mass Cultures
122(1)
Political Subcultures
123(4)
Political Socialization
127(4)
The Agents of Socialization
127(4)
Key Terms
131(1)
Key Web Sites
131(1)
Further Reference
132(1)
Public Opinion
133(19)
The Shape of Public Opinion
135(6)
Social Class
136(1)
Education
137(1)
Region
137(1)
Religion
138(1)
Age
139(1)
Gender
139(2)
Ethnic Group
141(1)
Public Opinion Polls
141(4)
Polling Techniques
143(1)
How Reliable Are the Polls?
144(1)
American Opinion
145(4)
Presidential Ratings
145(1)
Liberals and Conservatives
146(1)
Who Pays Attention?
147(2)
Is Polling Fair?
149(1)
Should America Be Governed by Polls?
149(1)
Key Terms
150(1)
Key Web Sites
150(1)
Further Reference
151(1)
Part III Political Interactions
Political Communication and the Media
152(21)
Communication in Politics
153(4)
Modern Mass Media
154(3)
The Giant: Television
157(9)
Television News
158(2)
Television and Politics
160(4)
Television: Ownership and Control
164(2)
Are We Poorly Served?
166(2)
What Can Be Done?
167(1)
The Adversaries: Media and Government
168(3)
Key Terms
171(1)
Key Web Sites
171(1)
Further Reference
172(1)
Interest Groups
173(20)
What Is an Interest Group?
173(5)
Who Belongs to Interest Groups?
175(1)
Interest Groups and Government
175(2)
Bureaucrats as an Interest Group
177(1)
Effective Interest Groups
178(11)
Political Culture
178(1)
The Rise of Big Money
179(2)
The Rise of Single-Issue Groups
181(2)
Size and Membership
183(1)
Access
183(2)
Strategies of Interest Groups
185(4)
Interest Groups: An Evaluation
189(2)
Stalemating Political Power
190(1)
Key Terms
191(1)
Key Web Sites
191(1)
Further Reference
192(1)
Political Parties and Party Systems
193(19)
Functions of Parties
194(2)
A Bridge between People and Government
194(1)
Aggregation of Interests
194(1)
Integration into the Political System
194(1)
Political Socialization
195(1)
Mobilization of Voters
196(1)
Organization of Government
196(1)
Parties in Democracies
196(5)
Centralization
196(3)
Setting Government Policy
199(1)
Party Participation in Government
199(1)
Financing the Party
200(1)
Classifying Political Parties
201(1)
The Party in Communist States
201(3)
Party Systems
204(6)
Classifying Party Systems
204(3)
The Party System and the Electoral System
207(2)
Are Parties Fading?
209(1)
Key Terms
210(1)
Key Web Sites
210(1)
Further Reference
210(2)
Elections
212(21)
Why Do People Vote?
212(3)
Who Votes?
215(4)
Income and Education
216(1)
Race
216(1)
Age
217(1)
Gender
217(1)
Place of Residence
218(1)
How Do People Vote?
219(1)
Party Identification
219(1)
Who Votes How?
220(4)
Class Voting
221(2)
Regional Voting
223(1)
Religious Blocs
223(1)
Age Groups
223(1)
Gender Gap
223(1)
Marriage Gap
224(1)
Racial Minorities
224(1)
Urban Voting
224(1)
Electoral Realignment
224(2)
A Reagan Realignment?
225(1)
What Wins Elections?
226(5)
Retrospective Voting
229(1)
Candidate Strategies and Voter Groups
230(1)
Key Terms
231(1)
Key Web Sites
231(1)
Further Reference
232(1)
Part IV The Institutions of Politics
The Basic Institutions of Government
233(20)
The Form of State
235(1)
Electoral Systems
236(4)
Single-Member Districts
236(3)
Proportional Representation
239(1)
Unitary or Federal Systems
240(8)
Unitary Systems
241(2)
Federal Systems
243(5)
The United States: Balkanization of Government
248(2)
The Unitary-Federal Mixture
250(1)
Choosing Institutions
250(1)
Key Terms
251(1)
Key Web Sites
252(1)
Further Reference
252(1)
Legislatures
253(21)
Presidential and Parliamentary Systems
255(7)
Separation and Fusion of Powers
257(2)
Advantages of Parliamentary Systems
259(3)
What Legislatures Do
262(6)
The Committee System
262(3)
A Closer Look at Legislatures
265(3)
The Decline of Legislatures
268(4)
Structural Disadvantages
268(1)
Lack of Expertise
268(2)
Psychological Disadvantages
270(1)
The Absentee Problem
270(1)
Lack of Turnover
271(1)
The Dilemma of Parliaments
271(1)
Key Terms
272(1)
Key Web Sites
272(1)
Further Reference
273(1)
Executives
274(20)
Presidents and Prime Ministers
275(4)
``Forming a Government'' in Britain
275(1)
``Constructive No Confidence'' in Germany
276(1)
``Cohabitation'' in France
276(1)
The ``Presidentialization'' of Prime Ministers
277(1)
Executive Terms
277(2)
The Roles of the Executive
279(2)
Head of State
279(1)
Chief of Government
279(1)
Party Chief
280(1)
Commander in Chief
280(1)
Chief Diplomat
281(1)
Dispenser of Appointments
281(1)
Chief Legislator
281(1)
Executive Leadership
281(2)
Disabled Presidents
283(6)
Cabinets
289(2)
Who Serves in a Cabinet?
289(1)
The Rise of Noncabinet Advisers
290(1)
The Danger of Expecting Too Much
291(1)
Key Terms
292(1)
Key Web Sites
292(1)
Further Reference
293(1)
Administration and Bureaucracy
294(21)
The U.S. Federal Bureaucracy
295(1)
The Cabinet Departments
295(1)
Federal Agencies
296(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies
296(1)
Bureaucracies in Other Nations
296(4)
Communist Countries
297(1)
France
297(1)
Germany
298(1)
Great Britain
299(1)
Characteristics of Bureaucracies
300(1)
Bureaucracy in Modern Governments
301(5)
Administration
301(3)
Services
304(1)
Regulation
304(1)
Licensing
305(1)
Information Gathering
306(1)
The Trouble with Bureaucracy
306(3)
Administrator or Policymaker?
307(1)
Adjudication
307(1)
Discretionary Implementation
308(1)
Rule Making
308(1)
Advisory Roles
308(1)
What to Do with Bureaucracy?
309(3)
Ombudsmen
310(1)
Legislative Checks
310(1)
Cutting
310(1)
Decentralization
311(1)
Politicize the Bureaucracy
311(1)
Bureaucracy and Society
312(1)
Key Terms
313(1)
Key Web Sites
313(1)
Further Reference
313(2)
Legal Systems and the Courts
315(19)
Types of Law
316(4)
Criminal Law
316(1)
Civil Law
317(1)
Constitutional Law
317(1)
Administrative Law
317(1)
International Law
318(2)
The Courts, the Bench, and the Bar
320(4)
The U.S. Court System
320(1)
Judges
321(1)
Comparing Courts
322(1)
The British Court System
323(1)
The European Court System
323(1)
The Role of the Courts
324(7)
The U.S. Supreme Court
325(2)
The Supreme Court's Political Role
327(1)
The Views of Judges
327(1)
The Political Impact of the Court
328(3)
Key Terms
331(1)
Key Web Sites
332(1)
Further Reference
332(2)
Part V What Political Systems Do
Political Economy
334(21)
Government and the Economy
335(10)
Inflation
337(1)
Tax Hike
337(1)
Balance of Payments
337(3)
Gold Standard
340(1)
Wage-Price Freeze
340(1)
Oil Shocks
340(1)
Stagflation
341(1)
Interest Rates
341(1)
Tax Cut
342(1)
Budget Deficits
343(1)
Trade Deficits
344(1)
Budget Balancing
344(1)
Who Is Entitled to What?
345(6)
The Costs of Welfare
348(3)
How Big Should Government Be?
351(2)
Key Terms
353(1)
Key Web Sites
353(1)
Further Reference
354(1)
Violence and Revolution
355(20)
System Breakdown
356(8)
Violence as a Symptom
356(1)
Types of Violence
357(5)
Change as a Cause of Violence
362(2)
Revolutions
364(4)
Intellectuals and Revolution
364(2)
The Stages of Revolution
366(2)
After the Revolution
368(5)
The Waning of Revolution
370(3)
Key Terms
373(1)
Key Web Sites
374(1)
Further Reference
374(1)
International Relations
375(18)
Power and National Interest
377(2)
The Role of Elites
379(4)
Keeping Peace
383(3)
World Government
383(1)
Collective Security
383(1)
Functionalism
384(1)
Third-Party Assistance
384(1)
Diplomacy
385(1)
Peacekeeping
385(1)
The Cold War
386(3)
Truman Doctrine
386(1)
Marshall Plan
386(1)
Containment
387(1)
Deterrence
387(2)
Beyond Sovereignty?
389(2)
The United Nations
390(1)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
390(1)
Key Terms
391(1)
Key Web Sites
391(1)
Further Reference
392(1)
The Global System
393(19)
Historical Systems
394(2)
The Nineteenth-Century Balance of Power System
395(1)
The Interwar System
395(1)
The Bipolar Cold War System
395(1)
What System Is Emerging?
396(8)
A Unipolar Model
396(1)
A Counterweight Model
396(1)
A Multipolar Model
397(1)
A Stratified Model
398(1)
A Zones-of-Chaos Model
398(1)
A Globalized Model
398(3)
A Resource-Wars Model
401(1)
A ``Clash-of-Civilizations'' Model
401(1)
A Proliferation Model
402(2)
Foreign Policy: Involved or Isolated?
404(6)
Cycles of U.S. Foreign Policy
405(4)
The United States in a Dangerous World
409(1)
Key Terms
410(1)
Key Web Sites
411(1)
Further Reference
411(1)
Index 412

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