Research Methods for Criminology And Criminal Justice: A Primer,9780763736156

Research Methods for Criminology And Criminal Justice: A Primer

by ;
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780763736156
ISBN10: 0763736155
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-12-01
Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett
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Summary

Research Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice: A Primer, Second Edition provides students of criminology and criminal justice with a clear approach to understanding social science research. Each chapter begins with a case study demonstrating how research methods are used in practical applications, and current topics such as community policing, alternative sentencing for non-violent offenders, and gang violence are discussed throughout the text. The Second Edition has been completely redesigned make the complex subject of research methods easy for students to comprehend.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Section I Functions
Research: What, Why, and How
3(18)
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
4(1)
Social-Science Research and the ``Real World''
5(1)
Science Versus Casual Inquiry
6(1)
The Scientific Method
7(1)
The Relationship Between Theory and Research
7(1)
Theory
8(1)
Inductive Logic
8(1)
Deductive Logic
8(1)
The Purpose of Research
9(1)
What Research Is
9(3)
Applied Research
10(1)
Basic Research
10(1)
Multipurpose Research
11(1)
Types of Research
12(2)
Descriptive Research
12(1)
Explanatory Research
13(1)
Predictive Research
13(1)
Intervening Research
14(1)
Why Research Is Necessary
14(1)
Curiosity
14(1)
Social Problems
15(1)
Theory Testing
15(1)
Factors That Influence Research Decisions
15(1)
How Research Is Done
16(2)
Identifying the Problem
16(1)
Research Design
16(1)
Data Collection
17(1)
Data Analysis
17(1)
Reporting
17(1)
Summary
18(1)
Chapter Resources
19(2)
The Language of Research
21(13)
The Language of Research
22(7)
Theory
22(2)
Conceptualization
24(1)
Operationalization
24(1)
Variables
25(1)
Hypotheses
26(3)
Assumptions
29(1)
Other Key Terms
29(2)
Population
29(1)
Sample
29(1)
Validity
30(1)
Reliability
31(1)
Data
31(1)
The Research Process
31(1)
Summary
32(1)
Chapter Resources
33(1)
Getting Started
34(14)
Picking a Topic
35(2)
The Purpose of the Research
37(1)
Exploring
37(1)
Describing
37(1)
Explaining
38(1)
Reviewing the Literature
38(2)
Become Familiar with the Library
39(1)
Text/Journal Abstracts
39(1)
Scholarly Journals
40(1)
Textbooks
40(1)
Social-Science Indexes
40(1)
Internet Searches
40(1)
Critiquing the Literature
40(3)
Understanding Writing Styles
41(1)
Knowing What to Look For
42(1)
The Research Question
43(1)
Hypotheses
43(1)
Summary
44(1)
Chapter Resources
45(3)
Research Ethics
48(17)
The Researcher's Role
50(1)
Ethical Considerations
51(3)
Ethical Ramifications
51(1)
Harm to Others
51(1)
Privacy Concerns
52(1)
Informed Consent
53(1)
Voluntary Participation
53(1)
Deception
54(1)
The Professionalism of Research
54(1)
Ethical Research Criteria
55(2)
Avoiding Harmful Research
55(1)
Being Objective
55(1)
Using Integrity
55(1)
Protecting Confidentiality
56(1)
Reasons for Confidentiality and Privacy
56(1)
Privacy Protections
56(1)
Summary
57(1)
Chapter Resources
58(1)
Example of an IRB Submission
59(6)
Qualitative Research
65(13)
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research
66(1)
Qualitative Research Defined
67(1)
Merits and Limitations of Qualitative Research
67(1)
What You Have Done Before
67(1)
Types of Qualitative Research
68(7)
Field Interviewing
68(3)
Focus Groups
71(1)
Field Observation (or Participant-Observer)
71(2)
Ethnographic Study
73(1)
Sociometry
73(1)
Historiography
74(1)
Content Analysis
74(1)
Summary
75(1)
Chapter Resources
76(2)
Quantitative Research
78(15)
Quantitative Research
79(1)
Quantitative Research Defined
79(1)
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research, Part II
79(1)
What You Have Not Done Before
80(1)
Empirical Observation
80(1)
Causality
81(1)
Idiographic and Nomothetic Causes
81(1)
The Criteria for Causality
81(1)
Necessary and Sufficient Cause
82(1)
False Precision
82(1)
Quantitative Measurement
82(3)
Levels of Measurement
82(3)
Types of Quantitative Research
85(5)
Survey Research
85(2)
Field Research
87(1)
Unobtrusive Research
88(1)
Evaluation Research
89(1)
Combination Research
90(1)
Summary
90(1)
Chapter Resources
91(2)
Section II Procedures
93(66)
Research Designs
95(11)
Research Designs
96(8)
Historical
96(2)
Descriptive
98(1)
Developmental, or Time Series
99(2)
Case Studies
101(1)
Correlational
102(1)
Causal-Comparative
102(2)
Summary
104(1)
Chapter Resources
105(1)
Questionnaire Construction
106(17)
Questionnaire Development
107(1)
Rules for Questionnaire Construction
108(10)
Rule One
108(1)
Rule Two
109(4)
Rule Three
113(1)
Rule Four
113(1)
Rule Five
113(1)
Rule Six
114(1)
Rule Seven
114(1)
Rule Eight
114(2)
Rule Nine
116(1)
Rule Ten
116(2)
Scales
118(2)
Scaling Procedures
118(1)
Arbitrary Scales
119(1)
Attitudinal Scales
119(1)
Summary
120(2)
Chapter Resources
122(1)
Sampling
123(16)
Sampling
124(1)
Probability Theory
125(1)
Probability Sampling
126(2)
Simple Random Samples
126(1)
Stratified Random Samples
127(1)
Systematic Samples
127(1)
Cluster Samples
127(1)
Nonprobability Sampling
128(4)
Purposive Samples
129(1)
Quota Samples
130(1)
Snowball Samples
131(1)
Convenience Sample
131(1)
Sample Size
132(4)
Confidence Levels
132(1)
Sampling Formulas
133(1)
A Commonly Used Sampling Formula
133(2)
A Sampling-Size Selection Chart
135(1)
Summary
136(1)
Chapter Resources
137(2)
Data Collection
139(20)
Data Collection
140(1)
Survey Research
140(6)
Mail Surveys
141(2)
E-mail
143(1)
Self-Administered Surveys
144(2)
Interviews
146(2)
Structured Interviews
146(1)
Unstructured Interviews
146(1)
In-depth Interviews
146(1)
Face-to-Face Interviews
147(1)
Telephone Surveys
148(1)
Comparison of Survey Strategies
148(1)
Other Data-Collection Techniques
149(5)
Observation/Field Research
149(2)
Unobtrusive Data Collection
151(3)
Summary
154(1)
Chapter Resources
155(4)
Section III Final Steps
159(72)
Data Processing and Analysis
161(18)
Data Processing and Analysis
162(1)
Data Processing
162(6)
Data Coding
162(1)
Data Entry
163(3)
Data Cleaning
166(1)
Missing Data
166(1)
Recoding Data
167(1)
Data Analysis
168(1)
Statistical Analysis
168(1)
Descriptive Statistics
169(8)
Frequency Distributions
169(1)
Displaying Frequencies
170(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
170(3)
Measures of Variability
173(2)
Skewness
175(1)
Kurtosis
176(1)
Comparative Statistics
177(1)
Summary
177(1)
Chapter Resources
178(1)
Inferential Statistics
179(14)
Statistical Analysis
180(1)
An Overview of Inferential Statistics
180(2)
Measures of Association
180(1)
Statistical Significance
181(1)
Comparative Statistics
182(3)
Crime Rates
182(1)
Crime-Specific Rates
183(1)
Percentage Change
184(1)
Trend Analyses
184(1)
Inferential Statistics
185(1)
Bivariate Analysis
185(2)
Contingency Tables
185(1)
Bivariate Regression
185(2)
Multivariate Analysis
187(4)
Student's t-Test
187(1)
Correlation
187(1)
Analysis of Variance
188(1)
Multiple Regression
188(1)
Other Multivariate Techniques
189(2)
Nonparametric Techniques
191(1)
Summary
191(1)
Chapter Resources
192(1)
Writing the Research
193(17)
The Research Paper
194(13)
The Title Page
194(1)
Abstract
194(1)
The Introduction
195(2)
Methodology
197(3)
Results
200(3)
Conclusions
203(1)
References and/or Bibliography
203(4)
Tables and Figures
207(1)
Appendixes
207(1)
Summary
207(2)
Chapter Resources
209(1)
Summing Up
210(21)
Summing Up
211(1)
Doing Criminological Research
211(1)
Types of Research
211(1)
Steps in Research
211(1)
The Language of Research Theory
212(1)
Conceptualization
212(1)
Operationalization
212(1)
Variables
212(1)
Hypotheses
212(1)
Sampling
213(1)
Validity
213(1)
Reliability
213(1)
Data
213(1)
Nominal Data
213(1)
Ordinal Data
214(1)
Interval Data
214(1)
Ratio Data
214(1)
Getting Started
214(1)
Picking a Topic
214(1)
Reviewing the Literature
214(1)
The Research Question
214(1)
Hypotheses
215(1)
Variables
215(1)
Research Ethics
215(1)
Ethical Concerns
215(1)
Ethical Research Criteria
216(1)
Qualitative Research
216(1)
Types of Qualitative Research
216(1)
Quantitative Research
217(2)
Causality
218(1)
False Precision
218(1)
Types of Quantitative Research
218(1)
Research Designs
219(2)
Types of Design
220(1)
Questionnaire Construction
221(2)
Rules for Questionnaire Construction
221(1)
Scales
222(1)
Sampling
223(2)
Probability Theory
223(1)
Probability Sampling
223(1)
Nonprobability Sampling
223(1)
Sample Size
224(1)
Confidence Levels
224(1)
Data Collection
225(4)
Survey Research
225(1)
Data Processing and Analysis
226(1)
Dealing with Missing Data
226(1)
Recoding Data
227(1)
Data Analysis
227(1)
Inferential Statistics
228(1)
Nonparametric Techniques
229(1)
Writing the Research
229(1)
Summary Statement
230(1)
Index 231

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