Preface to the Second Edition |
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xv | |
Excerpts from Preface to the FirstEdition |
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xvii | |
Mathematical Conventions |
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xix | |
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1 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (56) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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History of Gravity Exploration |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (3) |
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Newton's Law of Gravitation |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Potential-Field Equations |
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9 | (1) |
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Derivatives of the Potential |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (9) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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Densities of Rocks and Minerals |
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15 | (3) |
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Density Estimates from Field Results |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Absolute Measurement of Gravity |
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20 | (1) |
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Relative Measurement of Gravity |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (8) |
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Noise, Regionals, and Residuals |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Surface-Fitting Residualizing Methods |
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27 | (1) |
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Empirical Gridding Methods |
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27 | (5) |
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Second Vertical Derivative Methods |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (14) |
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34 | (1) |
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Gravity Effect of a Sphere |
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35 | (1) |
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Gravity Effect of a Horizontal Rod |
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36 | (1) |
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Gravity Effect of a Vertical Cylinder |
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37 | (2) |
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Gravity Effect of a Thin Dipping Sheet |
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39 | (1) |
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Gravity Effect of Horizontal Sheets, Slabs, Dikes, and Faults |
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40 | (4) |
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Applying Simple Models to Actual Anomalies |
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44 | (1) |
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Gravity Effects of Complex Shapes |
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44 | (2) |
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The Direct and Inverse Problems of Interpretation |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (10) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (74) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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History of Magnetic Methods |
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62 | (1) |
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Principles and Elementary Theory |
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63 | (4) |
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Classical versus Electromagnetic Concepts |
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63 | (1) |
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B-H Relations: The Hysteresis Loop |
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64 | (1) |
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Magnetostatic Potential for a Dipole Field |
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65 | (1) |
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The General Magnetic Anomaly |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (8) |
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Nature of the Geomagnetic Field |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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The External Magnetic Field |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Magnetism of Rocks and Minerals |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Magnetic Susceptibilities of Rocks and Minerals |
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73 | (1) |
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Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements |
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73 | (2) |
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Field Instruments for Magnetic Measurements |
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75 | (5) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Proton-Precession Magnetometer |
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77 | (1) |
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Optically Pumped Magnetometer |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Calibration of Magnetometers |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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Airborne Magnetic Surveys |
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81 | (2) |
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Shipborne Magnetic Surveys |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Magnetic Effects of Simple Shapes |
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84 | (22) |
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84 | (1) |
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The Isolated Pole (Monopole) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (4) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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Semiinfinite Horizontal Sheet: Fault Approximation |
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100 | (3) |
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Contact between Beds of Different Susceptibilities |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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Processing and Interpretation |
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106 | (8) |
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106 | (1) |
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Crude Interpretation and Structural Aspects |
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106 | (1) |
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Data Processing Operations: The Fourier Transform |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Use of Master Curves for Dikes of Great Depth Extent |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (10) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (7) |
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124 | (12) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (147) |
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136 | (4) |
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Importance of Seismic Work |
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136 | (1) |
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History of Seismic Exploration |
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137 | (2) |
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Outline of the Seismic Reflection Method |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (22) |
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140 | (3) |
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Wave Equation and Its Solutions |
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143 | (4) |
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Body Waves: P and S Waves |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (4) |
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Partitioning of Energy at an Interface |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (4) |
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Geometry of Seismic Wavepaths |
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162 | (13) |
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Reflection Paths in a Constant Velocity Layer |
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162 | (5) |
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Velocity Gradient and Raypath Curvature |
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167 | (2) |
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Geometry of Refraction Paths |
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169 | (6) |
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Characteristics of Seismic Events |
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175 | (11) |
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Distinguishing Features of Events |
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175 | (1) |
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Reflections and Refractions |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (4) |
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182 | (1) |
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Effects of Reflector Curvature |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Reflection Field Methods and Equipment |
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186 | (23) |
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Field Methods for Land Surveys |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (5) |
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Field Equipment for Land Surveys |
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192 | (10) |
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Marine Equipment and Methods |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (2) |
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Refraction Field Methods and Equipment |
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209 | (5) |
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Comparison of Refraction and Reflection Methods |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Broadside Refraction and Fan Shooting |
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210 | (1) |
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Engineering Surveys on Land |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Refraction Data Reduction |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (19) |
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214 | (2) |
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Introduction to Digital Processing: Fourier Transforms |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (5) |
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222 | (4) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Apparent-Velocity (Apparent-Dip) Filtering |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Relative-Amplitude Processing |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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Other Types of Processing |
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233 | (1) |
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Basic Geological Concepts in Petroleum Exploration |
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233 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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Objectives of Interpretation |
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235 | (1) |
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Refraction Interpretation |
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235 | (8) |
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Interpretation of Refraction Records |
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235 | (2) |
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Refraction Interpretation Methods |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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Reflection Interpretation |
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243 | (21) |
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Interpretation Techniques |
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243 | (2) |
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Modeling: Synthetic Seismograms |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (7) |
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257 | (5) |
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Unconformities and Seismic Facies Patterns |
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262 | (1) |
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Use of Velocity Information |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (9) |
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264 | (3) |
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Three-Dimensional Methods |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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Vertical Seismic Profiling |
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270 | (1) |
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Shear Waves in Exploration |
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271 | (1) |
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Variation of Amplitude with Offset |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (10) |
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280 | (3) |
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Electrical Properties of Rocks and Minerals |
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283 | (10) |
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Classification of Electrical Methods |
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283 | (1) |
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Electrical Properties of Rocks and Minerals |
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283 | (5) |
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283 | (1) |
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Electrical Conductivities |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Measurement of Electrical Properties of Rocks and Minerals |
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288 | (1) |
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Laboratory Measurement of Resistivity |
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288 | (1) |
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Measurement of Dielectric Constant |
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288 | (1) |
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Typical Values of Electrical Constants of Rocks and Minerals |
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289 | (4) |
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Resistivities of Rocks and Minerals |
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289 | (2) |
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Dielectric Constants of Rocks and Minerals |
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291 | (1) |
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Magnetic Permeability of Minerals |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Methods Employing Natural Electrical Sources |
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293 | (50) |
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293 | (9) |
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293 | (3) |
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Self-Potential Field Equipment |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Self-Potential Data |
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297 | (5) |
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Telluric and Magnetotelluric Methods |
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302 | (25) |
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Origin and Characteristics of Magnetotelluric Fields and Telluric Currents |
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302 | (4) |
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Elementary Electromagnetic Theory |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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Field Equipment and Operations |
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311 | (3) |
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Interpretation of Telluric Data |
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314 | (3) |
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Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Data |
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317 | (10) |
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327 | (8) |
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327 | (1) |
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Tellurics and Magnetotellurics |
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327 | (8) |
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335 | (8) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (179) |
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Introduction and Historical Background |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (18) |
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Vector and Scalar Potentials |
|
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343 | (1) |
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Description of EM Fields; Biot--Savart Law |
|
|
344 | (1) |
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Field in the Frequency Domain |
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345 | (5) |
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350 | (3) |
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353 | (2) |
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Fields in the Time Domain |
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355 | (6) |
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361 | (3) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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EM Field Systems for Ground Surveys |
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364 | (13) |
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364 | (1) |
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Frequency-Domain Systems; Dip-Angle Measurements |
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364 | (6) |
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FD Systems for Phase-Component Measurements |
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370 | (2) |
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Time-Domain EM Ground Systems |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (1) |
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Assessment of EM Ground Methods |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (6) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Phase-Component Measurements |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (4) |
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383 | (1) |
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Assessment of Airborne EM |
|
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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|
383 | (94) |
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|
383 | (2) |
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General Interpretation Procedure |
|
|
385 | (1) |
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Ground Systems; FDEM over Dipping Sheet |
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|
385 | (24) |
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Ground Systems; TDEM over Dipping Sheet |
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409 | (27) |
|
The Sphere Model in FD and TD Ground Systems |
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436 | (5) |
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Layered Structure: EM Depth Sounding |
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441 | (9) |
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Interpretation of Airborne EM Data |
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450 | (4) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (4) |
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460 | (4) |
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464 | (13) |
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477 | (27) |
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504 | (18) |
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519 | (3) |
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522 | (56) |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (5) |
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Potentials in Homogeneous Media |
|
|
522 | (1) |
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Single Current Electrode at Depth |
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|
523 | (1) |
|
Single Current Electrode at Surface |
|
|
523 | (1) |
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Two Current Electrodes at Surface |
|
|
524 | (1) |
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|
525 | (2) |
|
Effect of Inhomogeneous Ground |
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527 | (5) |
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|
527 | (1) |
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Distortion of Current Flow at a Plane Interface |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Distortion of Potential at a Plane Interface |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
Surface Potential due to Horizontal Beds |
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|
529 | (1) |
|
Potential Due to Buried Sphere |
|
|
530 | (1) |
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Effect of Anisotropic Ground |
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|
531 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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Equipment for Resistivity Field Work |
|
|
532 | (3) |
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|
532 | (2) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
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|
535 | (1) |
|
Electrode Layouts and Field Procedure |
|
|
535 | (4) |
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|
535 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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Electrode Arrays (Spreads) |
|
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535 | (3) |
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Resistivity Field Procedures |
|
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (26) |
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|
539 | (1) |
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|
539 | (1) |
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Vertical Sounding; Two Horizontal Beds |
|
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539 | (5) |
|
Vertical Sounding; Multiple Horizontal Beds |
|
|
544 | (10) |
|
Lateral Mapping; Vertical Contact |
|
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554 | (5) |
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559 | (2) |
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Mapping Three-Dimensional Anomalies |
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561 | (1) |
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Measuring Overburden Depth and Resistivity |
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562 | (3) |
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565 | (5) |
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570 | (8) |
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577 | (1) |
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578 | (33) |
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|
578 | (1) |
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Sources of the Induced Polarization Effects |
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|
578 | (3) |
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|
578 | (1) |
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|
579 | (1) |
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|
579 | (2) |
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Equivalent Electrical Circuits |
|
|
581 | (1) |
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Induced Polarization Measurements |
|
|
581 | (3) |
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|
581 | (1) |
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|
581 | (1) |
|
Frequency-Domain Measurements |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Relative Phase Shift and Phase Components |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Induced Polarization (MIP) Measurements |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Relation between Time- and Frequency-Domain IP Measurements |
|
|
583 | (1) |
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|
583 | (1) |
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584 | (7) |
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|
584 | (1) |
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|
584 | (4) |
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588 | (1) |
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|
589 | (2) |
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591 | (11) |
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|
591 | (4) |
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|
595 | (1) |
|
Theoretical and Model Work |
|
|
596 | (6) |
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|
602 | (2) |
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604 | (7) |
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|
609 | (2) |
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|
611 | (34) |
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|
611 | (1) |
|
Principles of Radioactivity |
|
|
611 | (9) |
|
Constituents of the Nucleus |
|
|
611 | (1) |
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612 | (2) |
|
Radioactive Decay Processes |
|
|
614 | (3) |
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|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Radioactivity of Rocks and Minerals |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Age Determination Using Radioisotopes |
|
|
619 | (1) |
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|
620 | (8) |
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|
620 | (1) |
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|
620 | (1) |
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|
621 | (1) |
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|
622 | (5) |
|
Miscellaneous Instruments |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Calibration of Instruments |
|
|
628 | (1) |
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|
628 | (1) |
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|
629 | (5) |
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|
634 | (3) |
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|
637 | (8) |
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644 | (1) |
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|
645 | (55) |
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|
645 | (3) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
General Aspects of Well Logging |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Rock Property Measurements |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (6) |
|
Introduction to Resistivity Logging |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Normal Resistivity Logging |
|
|
649 | (1) |
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|
650 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Resistivity Logging in Mineral Search |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Self-Potential (SP) Logging |
|
|
654 | (5) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Uses of SP Curves in Oil-Well Logging |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Uses of SP Curves in Mineral Logging |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Geological Interpretation of SP |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (4) |
|
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Method |
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
Induced Polarization Logging |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Elastic-Wave (Acoustic) Methods |
|
|
665 | (8) |
|
Elastic Waves in Boreholes |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
Amplitude and Full-Waveform Logs |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
673 | (8) |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (4) |
|
Gravity, Magnetic, and Thermal Methods |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
Gravity and Magnetic Field Logging |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance Log |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Combining Measurements from Several Logs |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (6) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Carbonate Section |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
Borehole Methods in the USSR |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (10) |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Integrated Geophysical Problems |
|
|
700 | (27) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (26) |
Appendix A. Mathematical Background |
|
727 | (18) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (4) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
733 | (2) |
|
Taylor's Series; Maclaurin's Series |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Fourier Series and Transforms |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
Fourier Integral; Fourier Transforms |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
Digital Functions; z Transforms |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Laplace Transforms |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Transforms of the Error Function and its Derivatives |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
Appendix B. Location Determination |
|
745 | (6) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Doppler Measurement of Velocity |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
Acoustic and Inertial Positioning |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
Index |
|
751 | |