Corrections A Contemporary Introduction

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-12-14
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

This introductory-level corrections textbook examines the nature and application of corrections and punishment and provides an overview of criminological, historical, legal, and policy-oriented works so that students can understand its importance and implications in our society. This approach provides students with a information and perspective that promotes critical thinking and analysis. We believe this approach will be helpful whether the student has an eventual career in the broad field of criminal justice or is an informed consumer of crime news and information. Three major themes orient the textrs"s content and structure: Linking theory and practice The importance of policy Inclusiveness (integrating gender and race/ethnicity into each chapter as standard coverage rather than covered as special issues as done in the competing books)

Author Biography

Leanne F. Alarid is associate professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Texas-San Antonio.  From 1996-2006, she taught at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.  While at UMKC, she received a faculty scholar award for excellence in research.  She earned her M.A. in criminal justice/criminology and her Ph.D. in criminal justice, both from Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas.  She double majored with a B.A. in psychology and sociology from the University of Northern Colorado.

 

Dr. Alarid's areas of expertise are institutional and community corrections, women and crime, and criminal justice policy.  She is the author of over 20 journal articles and book chapters.  She most recently co-authored Community-Based Corrections, 7e.  She co-edited four books, including In Her Own Words:  Women's Offenders' Views on Crime and Victimization; Behind a Convict's Eyes:  Doing Time in a Modern Day Prison; Correctional Perspectives:  Views from Academics, Practitioners, and Prisoners; and Controversies in Criminal Justice.

 

Alarid worked as a counselor for a girls' group home and as a correctional case manager at an adult halfway house, both in Denver, Colorado.

 

 

Philip Reichel is a tenured full professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Northern Colorado, where he has been since 1983. He earned his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from Kansas State University and his B.S. degree in sociology from Nebraska Wesleyan University. Prior to beginning his teaching career, Dr. Reichel worked as a counselor at the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex (now the Nebraska State Penitentiary) in Lincoln.

 

During his more than 30 years in academia, Dr. Reichel has received awards for his teaching, advising, service, and scholarship. Especially notable among those were his university's Distinguished Scholar award in 2003 and his selection in 2005 by the student council as Advisor of the Year. He is the author of Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: A Topical Approach (2005, Prentice Hall); editor of the Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice (2005, Sage Publications); has authored or co-authored more than thirty articles, book chapters, and encyclopedia entries. His areas of expertise include corrections, comparative justice systems, and transnational crime. He is active in both the American Society of Criminology and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, where he recently served as Chair of the International Section.

Table of Contents

part one CORRECTIONS: PRESENT AND PAST
xxxvi
Perceptions and Realities of Corrections
2(20)
What Does the Public Believe?
4(1)
Crime Control Policy and Public Opinion
5(4)
The Media Role in Reporting Crime
8(1)
Corrections as Part of the Criminal Justice System
9(3)
Police
9(1)
Pretrial/Courts
9(2)
Community Corrections
11(1)
Institutional Corrections
12(1)
Topics Related to Correctional Policy
12(6)
Overall Size of Correctional System
12(1)
Growth of Women under Correctional Supervision
13(1)
Incarceration Rates
14(1)
Factors Related to Incarceration Rates
15(1)
Cost of Corrections
15(1)
Facility Construction
16(1)
Facility Operating Expenses
17(1)
Resource Allocation
18(1)
Framework of This Book
18(1)
Correctional Policy
19(1)
Race and Ethnicity
19(1)
What Works in Corrections?
19(1)
Chapter Summary
19(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
20(1)
Discussion Questions
21(1)
Why Do We Punish?
22(30)
Why Punish?
24(1)
The Primary Punishment Philosophies
25(25)
Deterrence
26(1)
Specific Deterrence
27(1)
General Deterrence
28(2)
Incapacitation
30(1)
Incapacitation through Imprisonment
30(3)
Incapacitation through Technology
33(2)
Rehabilitation
35(1)
Rehabilitation as Reclamation
35(1)
Rehabilitation as Reformation
36(1)
Rehabilitation as Individualized Treatment
36(2)
Reentry Programs and Contemporary Rehabilitation
38(2)
Retribution
40(4)
Restoration
44(1)
Restorative Practices in Sentencing
45(1)
Restorative Practices in the Community
46(1)
Restorative Practices in Prison
47(1)
Evaluating Restorative Justice
48(2)
Chapter Summary
50(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
50(1)
Discussion Questions
51(1)
Correctional Practices from Ancient to Contemporary Times
52(32)
Corrections in the Ancient and Medieval World
55(2)
Early Codes and Punishments
55(1)
Medieval Corrections
56(1)
Corrections in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe
57(6)
Transportation
57(1)
Transportation to British Colonies
57(1)
Transporting Women Offenders
58(1)
Prison Hulks
58(1)
Prisons Before the Prison
59(1)
Hospice Facilities
60(1)
Houses of Correction
60(1)
John Howard and Reforms in England
61(2)
Corrections Around the American Revolution
63(1)
From Pillory to Penitentiary
63(9)
The Pennsylvania System
65(1)
The Auburn System
66(1)
Women Go to Prison Too
67(1)
The Pennsylvania versus Auburn Debate
68(1)
The Reformatory Movement
68(1)
The Irish System and Elmira Reformatory
69(1)
Segregating the Sexes
70(2)
Disillusionment
72(1)
Prison Development in the South and West
73(4)
Developments in the American South
73(2)
Developments in the American West
75(2)
Corrections in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
77(4)
The Rehabilitation Era and the Medical Model
77(2)
Legacies of the Medical Model
79(1)
Professional Staff
79(1)
Treatment Programs
80(1)
Community Corrections
81(1)
A Balanced Approach
81(1)
Chapter Summary
82(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
83(1)
Discussion Questions
83(1)
part two THE CORRECTIONAL PROCESS
84(68)
Sentencing
86(32)
Two Basic Sentencing Structures
88(2)
Indeterminate Sentencing
88(1)
Criticism of Indeterminate Sentencing
89(1)
Determinate Sentencing
90(1)
Sentencing Practices
90(14)
Sentencing Guidelines
91(2)
Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines
93(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
93(3)
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
96(1)
Departures from Federal Sentencing Guidelines
97(1)
Mandatory Sentencing
98(1)
Life Sentences
99(1)
Truth-in-Sentencing
100(1)
``Three Strikes and You're Out'' Laws
101(3)
Presentence Investigations
104(2)
Content of the PSI Report
104(1)
Other Uses of the PSI Report
105(1)
Frequency of PSI Use
105(1)
Methods for Reducing Sentence Time
106(2)
Pretrial Jail Time
106(1)
Good Time
106(2)
Concurrent Sentencing
108(1)
Civil Commitments of Sexual Predators
108(2)
The Impact of Sentencing Policies
110(5)
The Mechanics of Sentencing
110(1)
Sentencing Outcomes
110(1)
Sentence Length
110(1)
Sentencing Disparity
111(1)
Race/Ethnicity Sentencing Disparity
111(2)
Gender Sentencing Disparity
113(2)
Sentencing Recommendations to Consider
115(1)
Chapter Summary
116(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
117(1)
Discussion Questions
117(1)
Offender Profiles, Correctional Supervision Levels, and Classification
118(34)
Offender Profiles
120(11)
The Challenge of Correctional System Data
123(1)
Characteristics of Probationers and Parolees
124(1)
Probationer Characteristics by Gender
125(1)
Profile of Jail Inmates
125(1)
Characteristics of State and Federal Prisoners
126(1)
State Prisoner Characteristics by Gender
126(1)
Race and Ethnicity
127(1)
Federal Prisoners
127(3)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
130(1)
Levels of Correctional Supervision
131(11)
State Facilities
132(1)
Minimum-Security State Facilities
133(1)
Medium-Security State Facilities
133(1)
Maximum-Security State Facilities
134(2)
Supermax Prisons
136(2)
Federal Prisons
138(2)
First Women's Reformatory
140(1)
Rise in Prison Populations
140(1)
The BOP Today
140(1)
Today's Federal Prisons for Women
141(1)
Classification
142(8)
History of Classification
142(1)
First Use of Standardized Testing
142(1)
Early Reception and Diagnostic Centers
142(1)
Increasing Objectivity in Classification
143(1)
Contemporary Classification
143(1)
External Classification for Management
144(2)
Internal Classification for Programming Needs
146(2)
Initial Classification vs. Reclassification
148(1)
Classification of Women Offenders
148(1)
Differences in Classification by Gender
148(1)
Legal Issues with Separate Classification Systems
149(1)
Classification Research
150(1)
Chapter Summary
150(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
151(1)
Discussion Questions
151(1)
part three ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION
152(66)
Probation and Economic Sanctions
154(34)
A Need for Alternative Sentences
156(1)
Community Corrections
156(1)
Community Corrections Acts
156(1)
Probation
157(16)
Forerunners to Probation
157(1)
The Benefit of Clergy
157(1)
Judicial Reprieve or Suspended Sentence
158(1)
Recognizance
158(1)
Massachusetts and the Origin of Probation
159(1)
The Father of Probation
159(1)
Probation Expands and Spreads
160(1)
Probation Today
161(1)
Components of Probation
161(1)
The Caseworker
161(1)
The Service Broker
162(1)
Surveillance
163(2)
Conditions of Probation
165(1)
Standard Probation Conditions
165(3)
Special Probation Conditions
168(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision
168(1)
Probation-Enhancement IPS
168(2)
Prison-Diversion IPS
170(1)
Release From Regular or IPS Probation
170(1)
Length of Probation
170(1)
Successful Completion of Probation
170(1)
Revocation of Probation
170(3)
Evaluating Probation
173(1)
Sanctions That Pay Back Victims and the Community
173(13)
Community Service
174(1)
Site Development
175(1)
Intake
175(1)
Placement
176(1)
Supervision
176(1)
Termination
177(1)
Effectiveness of Community Service
177(1)
Restitution
177(1)
Granting Restitution and Compensation
178(1)
Restitution Challenges
179(1)
Incidence of Restitution
179(1)
Does Payment of Restitution Reduce Recidivism?
180(1)
Fines and Day-Fines
180(1)
Prevalence of Fines
181(1)
Fines in the United States
181(1)
Day Fines
182(1)
Day Fines in Europe
183(1)
Experimenting with Day Fines in the United States
183(1)
Day Fines for Noncriminal Violations
184(1)
Collecting Day Fines
184(2)
Chapter Summary
186(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
186(1)
Discussion Questions
186(2)
Correctional Supervision and Treatment Programs
188(30)
Correctional Boot Camps
190(5)
The History and Current Status of Boot Camps
190(1)
Boot Camp Participant Selection
190(1)
Program Characteristics
191(1)
Departing the Program
191(2)
Boot Camp Problems
193(1)
Net-Widening
193(1)
Transition after Boot Camp
193(1)
Evaluating Boot Camps
193(2)
Residential Community Corrections Facilities
195(5)
Federal RCCFs
196(1)
State and Local RCCFs
197(1)
Residential Community Corrections for Women
198(1)
Evaluation of Residential Community Corrections
199(1)
Other Community Drug Treatment Programs
200(3)
Therapeutic Communities
200(1)
Women and Therapeutic Communities
201(2)
Electronic Monitoring
203(7)
Types of EM Systems
203(1)
Active Phone Line Devices
204(1)
Passive Phone Line Devices
204(1)
Remote Location Monitoring
204(1)
Global Positioning Systems
205(1)
Philosophical Issues
205(1)
The Potential for Net Widening
205(1)
Differential Treatment by Socioeconomic Class
205(1)
Issues of Cost Effectiveness
206(1)
Legal Issues
206(1)
Evaluations of EM
206(1)
Home Confinement
207(1)
Advantages of Home Confinement
208(1)
Disadvantages of Home Confinement
209(1)
Day Reporting Centers
210(5)
History of Probation Centers in England and Wales
210(2)
Day Reporting Centers in the United States
212(1)
Evaluating DRCs
212(3)
Chapter Summary
215(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
216(1)
Discussion Questions
216(2)
part four INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES
218(168)
Jails and Pretrial Release
220(34)
Pretrial Release
222(4)
Types of Pretrial Release
222(1)
Financial Types
223(1)
Nonfinancial Types
224(1)
Behavior of Pretrial Release Defendants
225(1)
Pretrial Services
226(1)
The Investigation Function
226(1)
The Supervision Function
227(1)
A Brief History of Jails
227(2)
Contemporary Jails
229(1)
Jail Functions and Purposes
230(16)
Detention
231(1)
Preventive Detention
231(1)
Some Consequences of Pretrial Detention
232(1)
Confinement
233(1)
Characteristics of the Jail Population
233(2)
Safety and Security
235(2)
Females as an Increasing Percentage of Jail Inmates
237(1)
Jail Procedures and Operations
238(1)
The Jail Staff
238(1)
Booking Clerk
238(1)
Classification Officer
238(1)
Program Specialist
239(1)
Correctional (Detention) Officer
239(1)
Inmate Supervision
239(3)
New-Generation Jails
242(1)
The Philosophy Underlying New-Generation Jails
243(1)
The Importance of Inmate Supervision
244(1)
Evaluations of the Podular Direct Approach
245(1)
Major Issues for Contemporary Jails
246(6)
Crowding
247(1)
Factors Affecting the Growing Jail Population
247(2)
Jailing the Mentally 111
249(2)
Privatization and Regionalization
251(1)
Privatization
251(1)
Regionalization
252(1)
Chapter Summary
252(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
253(1)
Discussion Questions
253(1)
Prison Life
254(32)
Social Structure and Interaction in Prison
256(8)
The Big House vs. Contemporary Prisons
256(2)
Men's Prison Subculture
258(1)
The Inmate Code
258(1)
Female Inmate Code
259(1)
Explanations for Prisoner Subculture
259(2)
From Total to Not so Total Institutions
261(1)
Prison Argot
261(1)
Argot Roles and Reputation
262(2)
Sub Rosa Economy
264(1)
Collective Behavior Behind the Walls
264(7)
History of Men's Prison Groups
265(1)
Prison Gangs and Security Threat Groups
265(1)
History of Prison Gangs
265(1)
Latino Gangs
266(1)
Caucasian Gangs
266(1)
African American Gangs
266(1)
From Prison Gangs to Security Threat Groups
267(1)
Prevalence of STGs
267(1)
Managing STGs
268(1)
Renouncing Gang Membership
269(1)
Groups in Women's Prisons
270(1)
Play Families
270(1)
Friendships
271(1)
Sex and Race Relations in Prison
271(4)
Consensual Sex
271(1)
Consensual Sex in Men's Prisons
272(1)
Consensual Sex in Women's Prisons
273(1)
Race and Ethnic Relations
273(1)
Racial Integration
274(1)
Prison Violence
275(9)
Individual-Level Violence
275(2)
Violence and Sexual Assault in Men's Prisons
277(1)
Do Conjugal Visits Reduce Violence?
277(1)
Violence and Sexual Assault in Women's Prisons
278(2)
Collective Violence
280(1)
Disturbances
281(1)
Prison Riots
281(1)
The Outbreak Stage
281(1)
The Organization Stage
282(1)
The Confrontation Stage
282(1)
The Termination Stage
283(1)
The Reaction Stage
283(1)
Chapter Summary
284(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
284(1)
Discussion Questions
285(1)
Government and Private Management of Correctional Institutions
286(30)
Correctional Officers
290(8)
From Watchman to Correctional Officer
290(1)
Contemporary Correctional Officers
291(1)
General Characteristics
291(1)
Recruitment Problems
292(1)
Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Correctional Officers
292(1)
Female Correctional Officers
293(1)
Acceptance of Female COs
294(1)
Is Safety Compromised with Female COs?
295(1)
Assigned Duties and Job Performance
295(1)
Stress and Burnout Among Correctional Officers
296(1)
Stress and Burnout Issues
296(1)
Does Gender Make a Difference?
297(1)
Treatment Staff
298(5)
Mental Health, Counseling, and Recreation Staff
299(1)
Mental Health Staff
299(1)
Counseling Staff
300(1)
Recreation Staff
300(1)
Religious Staff
301(1)
Academic and Vocational Staff
302(1)
Stress and the Treatment Staff
302(1)
Managing Prison Industry
303(7)
Benefits of Prison Labor to the Prisoner
304(1)
Prison Labor and Recidivism
304(1)
Gender Differences
305(1)
Ethnic and Racial Differences
305(1)
Benefits of Prison Labor to the State
306(1)
Prison Labor and the Private Sector
307(1)
Government Use
308(1)
Joint-Venture Model
308(1)
Corporate Model
308(1)
Free Enterprise Model
309(1)
Privatization
310(4)
Privatization in the United States Today
311(1)
The Geography of Privatization
311(1)
Prisoner Characteristics
311(1)
Cost Savings
312(1)
Quality of Confinement
313(1)
Privatization as Misdirection
313(1)
Chapter Summary
314(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
314(1)
Discussion Questions
315(1)
Reentry Treatment Strategies and Special Needs Offenders
316(36)
Treatment Strategies That Change Crime-Related Behaviors
319(5)
Drug and Alcohol Treatment
319(1)
Prevalence of Drug Treatment Programs
320(1)
Types of Drug Treatment
320(1)
Prison-Based Therapeutic Communities
321(1)
Anger Management
322(1)
Sex Offender Treatment
323(1)
Nature of Treatment
323(1)
Recidivism Rates
323(1)
Treatment Strategies That Teach New Skills
324(15)
Release Preparation Through Lifeskills
324(1)
Evidence of Effectiveness
325(1)
Educational Programs
325(2)
Literacy and Adult Basic Education Programs
327(1)
GED and Secondary Education Programs
327(2)
College Programs
329(1)
Vocational Programs
329(2)
Parenting Programs
331(1)
Who Cares for the Children?
332(2)
Parent-Child Contact while Incarcerated
334(1)
Programs for Pregnant Moms
335(2)
Faith-Based Initiatives
337(1)
InnerChange Freedom Initiative
337(1)
Criticisms of InnerChange Freedom Initiative
338(1)
Health Care and Medical Issues
339(10)
General Health Care
339(1)
Health Care in Local Jails
339(1)
Fee-for-Service
340(1)
Deaths in Prison
340(1)
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS
341(1)
Testing for HIV
342(1)
Handling of Inmates with HIV/AIDS
342(1)
Treatment of Other Communicable Diseases
342(1)
Elderly and Chronically Ill Prisoners
343(1)
Needs of Aging and Chronically Ill Prisoners
344(1)
Geriatric Prisons
344(1)
Mental Health Care
345(1)
Prevalence of Mental Illness
345(3)
Strategies for Responding to Mental Illness
348(1)
Solutions to Mental Illness in Corrections
348(1)
Chapter Summary
349(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
350(1)
Discussion Questions
351(1)
Institutional Release and Postconviction Losses
352(34)
Community Reentry Issues
354(4)
Former Offender Perspectives
355(1)
Parole Officer Perspectives
356(1)
Reentry Techniques and Programs
356(2)
Furloughs
358(1)
Community Reparation Boards and Victim Involvement
358(1)
Unconditional Release from Prison
358(3)
Expiration of Sentence
359(1)
Sentence Commutation
360(1)
Conditional Release from Prison
361(13)
Discretionary Parole
361(1)
Alexander Maconochie
361(1)
Sir Walter Crofton
361(2)
Parole History in the United States
363(1)
Purposes of Discretionary Parole
364(1)
Criticisms of Discretionary Parole
364(1)
Replacing Discretionary Parole with Mandatory Release
364(1)
Deciding Eligibility for Release
365(1)
Eligibility for Discretionary Parole
365(1)
Granting Discretionary Parole
366(1)
Predicting Parole Risk
366(1)
Salient Factor Score
366(2)
Release Conditions and Parole Officers
368(2)
Parole Supervision
370(1)
Parole Completion and Revocation
371(1)
Successful Discharge or Revocation
371(3)
Legal Factors in Revoking Parole
374(1)
Loss and Restoration of Civil Rights
374(10)
Invisible Punishments: Civil Disabilities After Release
376(1)
Consequences for Socioeconomic Status
376(1)
Bans on Welfare Benefits for Drug Offenders
376(1)
Denial of Public Housing and Student Loans for Drug Offenders
377(1)
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws
377(3)
Civil Disenfranchisement
380(2)
Restoring Civil Rights Following a Conviction
382(1)
Pardons
383(1)
Chapter Summary
384(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
384(1)
Discussion Questions
385(1)
part five SPECIAL ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS
386(129)
Legal Issues of Prisoners and Victims
388(30)
Sources of Prisoners' Rights
391(7)
The U.S. Constitution
392(1)
The Eighth Amendment
392(1)
Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process
393(2)
Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection
395(2)
The Civil Rights Act
397(1)
Judicial Involvement in Prison Administration
398(4)
The Hands-off Doctrine
398(1)
The Intervention Doctrine
399(1)
The Nominal Doctrine
400(2)
A Sampling of Prisoner Rights Issues
402(7)
Access to the Courts
402(1)
Prison Litigation Reform Act
403(1)
Providing Inmates with Legal Assistance
404(1)
Issues of Religion
405(2)
Restrictions Based on Maintenance of Discipline or Security
407(1)
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
408(1)
Victim Rights and Services in Corrections
409(7)
Legislating Victim Rights
410(1)
The Absence of a Victims' Rights Amendment
410(1)
The Justice for All Act of 2004
410(1)
Victims' Rights Amendments at the State Level
411(1)
Victims' Rights During Sentencing
412(1)
Corrections-Based Accommodations and Services for Victims
413(3)
Chapter Summary
416(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
417(1)
Discussion Questions
417(1)
Corporal and Capital Punishment
418(38)
Physical Sanctions
420(1)
Torture for Punishment
420(1)
Corporal Punishment
421(4)
Forms of Corporal Punishment
422(1)
The Pillory and the Stocks
422(1)
Branding
423(1)
Whipping
423(1)
Corporal Punishment in Contemporary Society
424(1)
Capital Punishment
425(6)
Entering Death Row
426(1)
On Death Row
426(2)
Leaving Death Row Without Being Executed
428(1)
Appellate Court Action
429(1)
Clemency
430(1)
Carrying Out the Death Sentence
430(1)
Capital Punishment and the Courts
431(3)
The Furman Decision
432(1)
The Gregg Decision
433(1)
Continued Efforts by Abolitionists
433(1)
Debating Capital Punishment
434(18)
The Cruelty Debate
434(1)
The Guillotine
434(1)
The Electric Chair
435(1)
The Gas Chamber
436(1)
Lethal Injection
436(2)
The Deterrence Debate
438(1)
Capital Punishment as a Specific Deterrent
439(3)
The Fairness Debate
442(1)
Fairness and Gender
442(1)
Fairness and Social Class
443(1)
Fairness and Race/Ethnicity
444(2)
Fairness and Victim Demographics
446(2)
Fairness and Age
448(1)
The Retribution Debate
449(1)
The Innocence Debate
450(2)
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty
452(2)
Chapter Summary
454(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
454(1)
Discussion Questions
455(1)
Juvenile Corrections
456(36)
The Juvenile Justice System
459(10)
Discovering Childhood
459(1)
Initial Steps to Control Young People
460(2)
Establishing a Juvenile Court
462(1)
Due Process and Juveniles
463(1)
Why the Relative Lack of Procedural Protection?
463(1)
Key Supreme Court Cases
464(1)
Jury Trials and Teen Courts
464(3)
The Role of Today's Juvenile Court
467(1)
Transferring Juveniles to Criminal Court
467(1)
The Three Models
468(1)
The Impact of Transfer
468(1)
Blended Sentencing
469(1)
Processing Juvenile Offenders
469(6)
Delinquency Cases
471(1)
Delinquent Girls
472(1)
Getting To Juvenile Court
472(2)
Status Offense Cases
474(1)
Detention
474(1)
Confining Juveniles
475(5)
Comparing Public and Private Facilities
476(1)
Characteristics of Juveniles in Custody Facilities
476(1)
Disproportionate Minority Confinement
476(4)
Institution-Based Responses
480(4)
Educational Programs
480(1)
The Search for Effective Programs
481(1)
A Reading and Writing Program
482(1)
Programs for Serious and Violent Offenders
482(2)
Community-Based Responses
484(4)
Restitution in Juvenile Justice
485(2)
The 8% Solution
487(1)
Girls in a System Designed for Boys
488(2)
The Need for Gender-Specific Programs
488(1)
The ``Look'' of Gender-Specific Programs
489(1)
Chapter Summary
490(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
490(1)
Discussion Questions
491(1)
Changes in the ``How'' and ``Why'' of Corrections
492(23)
Technocorrections: Changes in How Corrections is Accomplished
495(7)
Pretrial Services
495(1)
Adjudication and Sentencing Technology
496(1)
Community Corrections Technology
497(1)
Offender Information Management
497(1)
Offender Tracking in the Community
497(2)
Prison Technology
499(1)
Counting Inmates
500(1)
Mapping Inmates
501(1)
Other Uses of Technology in Prison
501(1)
Public Policy: Changes in Why Corrections is Accomplished
502(5)
A Preference for Prevention and Rehabilitation
502(1)
Crime Control and the Public Will
503(3)
The ``Nothing Works'' Controversy
506(1)
The Nothing-Works Position
506(1)
The Something-Works Position
506(1)
Support for Rehabilitation
507(1)
Some Programs Work, Some Don't
507(1)
Characteristics of Ineffective Treatment Programs
507(1)
Characteristics of Effective Treatment Programs
508(1)
The Move Toward Evidence-Based Practices
508(3)
EBP in Oklahoma
508(1)
EBP in Oregon
509(1)
EBP in Other States
510(1)
Wrapping Things Up
511(1)
Chapter Summary
512(1)
Key Terms and Concepts
513(1)
Discussion Questions
513(2)
Glossary 515(8)
References 523(22)
Name Index 545(2)
Subject Index 547(16)
Photo Credits 563

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