Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment

Leading the way in this field, the Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment will be the first publication to offer a modern, comprehensive and in-depth resource to the huge variety of disciplines involved.A truly international work, its coverage ranges across risk issues pertinent to life scientists, engineers, policy makers, healthcare professionals, the finance industry, the military and practising statisticians.Wiley is now pleased to announce this landmark reference work publishing in July 2008. Drawing on the expertise of world-renowned authors and editors in this field this title will provide up-to-date material on drug safety, investment theory, public policy applications, transportation safety, public perception of risk, epidemiological risk, national defence and security, critical infrastructure, and program management.This major publication is easily accessible for all those involved in the field of risk assessment and analysis. For ease-of-use it will be available in print and online.

Editors-in-Chief

Brian S. Everitt

Emeritus Professor

Institute of Psychiatry

King’s College

London

UK

Edward L. Melnick

Professor of Statistics

Stern School of Business

New York University

New York, NY

USA

Special Advisor

David Banks

Department of Statistical Science

Duke University

Durham, NC

USA

Editors

BAYESIAN METHODS/DECISION ANALYSIS

Simon French

Manchester Business School

The University of Manchester

Manchester

UK

CLINICAL RISK & EPIDEMIOLOGY/

PUBLIC HEALTH

Susan Sereika

ASA Risk Analysis

University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PA

USA

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

Walter Piegorsch

Department of Mathematics

The University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

USA

FINANCIAL/CREDIT RISK

Ngai Hang Chan

Department of Statistics

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Shatin, NT

Hong Kong

HOMELAND SECURITY

Edward L. Melnick

Stern School of Business

New York University

New York, NY

USA

INSURANCE/ACTUARIAL RISK

Michel Denuit

Institut de Statistique

Universit´e Catholique de Louvain

Louvain-la-Neuve

Belgium

RELIABILITY-MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

Lesley Walls

Business School

University of Strathclyde

Glasgow

Scotland

UK

RELIABILITY-MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL

METHODS

Frank Coolen

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Durham University

Durham

UK

RISK MANAGEMENT

Tony Cox

Cox Associates, Inc.

Denver, CO

USA

TOXIC SUBSTANCES/CHEMICAL RISK

Dennis Paustenbach

ChemRisk Consultancy

San Francisco, CA

USA

Jennifer D. Roberts

Exponent Inc.

Wood Dale, IL

USA

Contributors

AASE, KNUT K.  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway

ACHARYA, RAJ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

AI, JING The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

AKERSTEN, PER ANDERS Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

AL-KHALIDI, ABDUL SATTAR Insurance Bureau of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ALKALI, BABAKALLI University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

AL-SAIDY, OBAID M. Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

ALTMAN, EDWARD I. New York University, New York, NY, USA

ANDERSEN, TORBEN G. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

ANDERSON, DALE N. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

ANDERSON, MARGO University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

ANDREWS, JOHN D. Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

ANTONIO, KATRIEN University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

APELBERG, BENJAMIN J. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

APOSTOLIK, RICHARD Global Association of Risk Professionals, Jersey city, NJ, USA

ATWOOD, CORWIN L. Statwood Consulting, Silver Spring, MD, USA

AYUSO, MERCEDES University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

BACINELLO, ANNA R. Università degliStudi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

BAILER, A. JOHN Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

BALLOTTA, LAURA Cass Business School, London, UK

BANJEVIC, DRAGAN University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

BANKS, DAVID L. Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

BANKS, ERIK Chief Risk Officer, UniCredit Markets & Investment Banking

BARRY, SIMON C. CSIRO, Canberra, Australia

BASAK, GOPAL K. Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India

BAYLEY, CLARE L. Manchester Business School, Manchester, UK

BEATTY, PATRICK ChemRisk Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA

BEAUBIER, JEFF US EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

BECK, BARBARA D. Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA

BEDFORD, TIM University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

BEIRLANT, JAN Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

BELITSKAYA-LEVY, ILANA New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

BELLINGER, DAVID C. Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

BENIGNUS, VERNON A. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

BÉRENGUER, CHRISTOPHE Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France

BETTER, MARCO OptTek Systems, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA

BIELECKI, TOMASZ R. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA

BIER, VICKI M. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

BIFFIS, ENRICO Cass Business School, London, UK

BILLINTON, ROY University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

BINGHAM, NICK H. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

BJORK, KATHE E. University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA

BLAKE, DAVID Pensions Institute, London, UK

BLETTNER, MARIA Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

BLISCHKE, WALLACE R. University of Southern California, Sherman Oaks, CA, USA

BOGEN, KENNETH T. University of California, Walnut Creek, CA, USA

BOYES, WILLIAM K. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

BRANDSTA¨ TTER, EDUARD Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria

BRAVERMAN, AMY J. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

BREHM, PAUL Guy Carpenter, LLC, New York, NY, USA

BRIGGS, ANDREW H. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

BRILLINGER, DAVID R. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

BROCKETT, PATRICK L. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

BRODIN, ERIK Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

BROMBACHER, AARNOUT Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

BUCKSHAW, DONALD L. Innovative Decisions, Inc., Ellicott City, MD, USA

BUDTZ-JØRGENSEN, ESBEN University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

BURGMAN, MARK University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

BURMAN, CARL-FREDRIK AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden

BURNHAM, RICHARD University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

BUSHNELL, PHILIP J. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

BUTLER, JOHN C. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

CALABRESE, EDWARD J. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

CARLON, CLAUDIO European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

CARVERHILL, ANDREW University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

CAVENDER, FINIS CEI, Hendersonville, NC, USA

CHAN, NGAI H. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

CHAN, WAI Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Natick, MA, USA

CHARNLEY, GAIL HealthRisk Strategies, Washington, DC, USA

CHECKOWAY, HARVEY University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and International Agency for Research  on Cancer, Lyon, France

CHEN, JAMES J. US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA

CHEN, XIAOFANG University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

COIT, DAVID W. Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

COLOGNE, JOHN B. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

CONGDON, PETER Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

COOKE, ROGER M. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

COOLEN-SCHRIJNER, PAULINE Durham University, Durham, UK

COOLEN, FRANK P.A. Durham University, Durham, UK

COX JR, LOUIS A. Cox Associates and University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA

CROUHY, MICHEL IXIS Corporate & Investment Bank, A subsidiary of NATIXIS, Paris, France

CRUMP, KENNY S. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA

CRUZ, MARCELO Aviva plc, London, UK

CULLINGS, HARRY M. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

CURLEY, SHAWN P. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

CUTTER, SUSAN L. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

D’ARCY, STEPHEN P. University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

DASH, CHIRANJEEV Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

DAS, DIGANTA University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

DAVIES, BRANDON J. Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP), London, UK

DE ALBA, ENRIQUE Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico

DELLARCO, MICHAEL US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

DE LOURDES CENTENO, MARIA Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

DEN OUDEN, ELKE Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

DHAENE, JAN Kathdieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

DIGGLE, PETER J. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK and Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

DONAHOE, DANIEL Exponent-Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA

DOWD, KEVIN Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, UK

DRIEDGER, S. MICHELLE University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

DRIVER, REBECCA Director of Research and Chief Economist, London, UK

DUAN, JIN-CHUAN National University of Singapore, Singapore and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

DUNN, GRAHAM University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

DYER, JAMES S. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

EDLER, LUTZ German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

EL-SHAARAWI, ABDEL H. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada

ENDRENYI, LASZLO University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

EVERITT, BRIAN S. King’s College, London, UK

EYLAND, ARNE Consulting Actuary, Aktuarene, Oslo, Norway

FAGAN, DEBORAH K. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

FASEN, VICKY Munich University of Technology, Garching, Germany

FENWICK, ELISABETH A.L. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

FERREIRA, ANA Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal

FINKELSTEIN, MAXIM University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

FINLAY, STEVE Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

FOX, DAVID R. University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

FREES, EDWARD W. University of Wisconsin School of Business, Madison, WI, USA

FRENCH, SIMON University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

FRENKEL, MICHAEL WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Dresdner Bank Chair of Finance, Vallendar, Germany

FRICKER, RONALD D. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA

FRIEDMAN, HERMAN P. Statistical Science and Technology Associates, Inc., New York, NY, USA

FROSTIG, ESTHER University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel

GAFFNEY, SHANNON H. ChemRisk, San rancisco, CA, USA

GALAI, DAN School of Business  administration, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

GASTWIRTH, JOSEPH L. George Washington University, Washington,DC, USA

GAYLOR, DAVID W. Gaylor and Associates, LLC, Eureka Springs, AR, USA

GERTLER, JANOS J. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

GINEVAN, MICHAEL E. The Sapphire Group Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA

GLOVER, FRED OptTek Systems, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA

GOLDBERG, JUDITH D. New York University School of Medicine, NewYork, NY, USA

GOODMAN, KAREN J. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

GOOVAERTS, MARC J. Catholic University of Leuven (KUL), Leuven, Belgium and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

GOULET, VINCENT Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada

GRALL, ANTOINE Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France

GRANDJEAN, PHILIPPE University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

GRANT, PAUL B.C. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada

GREENLAND, SANDER University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

GROSSMAN, HELENE L. Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA

GUILLEN, MONTSERRAT University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

HABERMAN, STEVEN Cass Business School, City University, London, UK

HACKSHAW, ALLAN University College London, London, UK

HAMMITT, JAMES K. Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

HANAGAL, DAVID D. University of Pune, Pune, India

HELSEL, DENNIS R. US Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA

HENDERSON, ROGENE F. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA

HENGARTNER, NICHOLAS Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

HERNÁNDEZ, DIEGO Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico

HERNÁN, MIGUEL A. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

HIGHAM, DESMOND J. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

HOLTAN, JON If P&C Insurance Ltd, Oslo, Norway

HORA, STEPHEN C. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA

HOWARD, JOHN National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA

IMAN, RONALD L. Southwest Technology Consultants, Albuquerque, NM, USA

IYER, MADHU Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA

JAMSHIDIAN, FARSHID University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

JARDINE, ANDREW K.S. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

JARDINE, CYNTHIA G. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

JEANBLANC, MONIQUE Université d’ Évry Val d’Essonne Évry Cedex, France

JIA, JIANMIN Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

JONES, DAVID R. University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

JONES, JEFFREY A. University of  Warwick, Coventry, UK

JOSHI, SHARADCHANDRA W. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA, USA

KAFADAR, KAREN University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA

KAPADIA, NIKUNJ University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

KARR, ALAN F. National Institute of Statistical Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

KECECIOGLU, DIMITRI B. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

KEIDING, NIELS University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

KERLE, NORMAN ITC International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands

KHALILI, NASRIN R. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA

KHEIFETS, LEEKA University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

KIM, WOO CHANG Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

KIRWAN, BARRY Eurocontrol Experimental Centre, Cedex, France

KISSLING, GRACE E. National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

KJELLÉN, URBAN Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

KLEINBAUM, DAVID G. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

KLOEDEN, PETER E. Johan Wolfgang Goethe-Universit, Frankfurt, Germany

KLÜPPELBERG, CLAUDIA  Munich University of Technology, Garching, Germany

KOPP-SCHNEIDER, ANNETTE German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

KOU, STEVEN Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA

KOLOWROCKI, KRZYSZTOF Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

KUMAR, UDAY Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

KUNREUTHER, HOWARD University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

KUROWICKA, DOROTA Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

LAEVEN, ROGER J.A. Tilburg University and Center, Tilburg, The Netherlands

LANDAU, SABINE King’s College, London, UK

LANDO, DAVID Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark

LASH, TIMOTHY L. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

LATSHAW, MEGAN WEIL Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

LAURENT, JEAN-PAUL Université Lyon I, Lyon, France

LAWSON, ANDREW B. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

LEE, MEI-LING TING Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

LEE, PETER M. University of York, York, UK

LEFÈVRE, CLAUDE Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

LEHOCZKY, JOHN P. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

LENK, PETER The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

LEVINSON, BENJAMIN New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

LEVITIN, GREGORY The Israel Electric Corporation Ltd, Haifa, Israel

LEWIS, ARI S. Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA

LILLEVOLD,  PÅL Consulting Actuary, Partner Aktuarfirmaet Lillevold & Partners AS, Oslo, Norway

LINKOV, IGOR US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Brookline, MA, USA

LIN, X. SHELDON University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

LIU, MENGLING New York University, New York, NY, USA

LI, YUN University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

LU, YUAN Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

MARK, ROBERT Black Diamond Risk Enterprises, Pleasant Hill, CA, USA

MASTRANDREA, MICHAEL D. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

MAYNARD, ANDREW D. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, USA

MCBEAN, EDWARD A. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

MCGETTRICK, ANDREW D. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

MCLEISH, DON L. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

MEASE, DAVID San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA

MEDLAND, SARAH E. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

MEDOVA, ELENA University of Cambridge and Cambridge Systems Associates Limited, Cambridge, UK

MEEL, ANJANA University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

MELNICK, EDWARD L. New York University, New York, NY, USA

MELNICK, RONALD L. National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

METZLER, ADAM University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

MEZEI, GABOR Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA

MILEVSKY, MOSHE A. York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and IFID Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

MILLOSSOVICH, PIETRO University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

MISTRY, BHAVNITA University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

MODARRES, MOHAMMAD University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

MORTON, ALEC London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

MOSS, THOMAS R. Reliability Consultant, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK

MUKHERJEE, DIGANTA ICFAI Business School, Kolkata, India

MUKHI, VANDANA New York University, New York, NY, USA

MULVEY, JOHN M. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

MUNIER, BERTRAND R. Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, ESTP and IAE, GRID, CNRS/ENSAM Paris, France

MURRAY, STEVEN Exponent-Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA

MYERS, WAYNE The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

NAIR, VIJAYAN N. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

NEALE, BENJAMIN M. King’s College, London, UK and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

NEALE, MICHAEL C. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA and Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

NEWMAN, ROBERT M. Formerly of Goodrich Engine Control Systems, Birmingham, UK

NORBERG, RAGNAR London School of Economics, London, UK

NUSSBAUM, BARRY D. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

OKTEM, ULKU University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

OLIVIERI, ANNAMARIA University of Parma, Parma, Italy

O’NEILL, TERENCE J. Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

ORIS, JAMES T. Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

OSTERMAN, MICHAEL University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

OVERBECK, LUDGER University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

PANJER, HARRY H. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

PATIL, GANAPATHI P. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

PAUSTENBACH, DENNIS J. ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA, USA

PEARCE, NEIL Massey University Wellington Campus, Wellington, New Zealand

PEARL, JUDEA University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

PECHT, MICHAEL University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

PENÃ, EDSEL A. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

PESKIR, GORAN University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

PETERSON, ROBERT K.D. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA

PETERS, JAIME Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

PHILLIPS, CARL V. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

PHILLIPS, LAWRENCE D. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

PHOHA, SHASHI National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

PIEGORSCH, WALTER W. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

PIERCE, JENNIFER S. ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA, USA

PISTOCCHI, ALBERTO European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

PITACCO, ERMANNO University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

PRABHAKAR MURTHY D.N. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

PRESTON, R. JULIAN U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

PRICE, CHRIS University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK

PROCTOR, DEBORAH M. Exponent, Irvine, CA, USA

PULCINI, GIANPAOLO National Research Council, Naples, Italy

PUZA, BOREK Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

RAI, SHESH N. Biostatistics Support Facility, JG Brown Cancer Center and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

RATHBUN, STEPHEN L. University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

RAY, ROSE M. Exponent-Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA

REED, EDWARDS E. Aesec Corporation, Palo Alto, CA, USA

RESNICK, MARC L. Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

RESTREPO, CARLOS E. New York University, New York, NY, USA

RICCI, PAOLO F. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

RIEDL, REN´E Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz, Austria

RIGDON, STEVEN E. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA

RIJKEN, HERBERT A. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands

ROBERTS, JENNIFER D. Exponent, Wood Dale, IL, USA

ROBINSON, JEFFREY A. General Motors R&D Center, Warren, MI, USA

ROCKETTE, HOWARD E. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

ROSS, PETER S. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada

ROTHMAN, KENNETH J. RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

RUDOLF, MARKUS WHU – Otto Beisheim  School of Management, Dresdner Bank Chair of Finance, Vallendar, Germany

RüSCHENDORF, LUDGER University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

RYAN, LOUISE Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

SAFE, STEPHEN Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

SAMET, JONATHAN M. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

SAMKANGE-ZEEB, FLORENCE Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

SANDSTRO¨ M, ARNE Swedish Insurance Federation, Stockholm, Sweden

SARIN, RAKESH K. UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA

SCARF, PHILIP A. University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK

SCHELL, ROGER R. Aesec Corporation, Palo Alto, CA, USA

SCHERVISH, MARK J. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

SCHLENKER, GERD Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

SCHMIDLI, HANSPETER University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

SCHMITT, CHRISTIAN Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

SCHUERMANN, TIL Federal Reserve Bank of New York, NY, USA

SCHWARTZ, BRIAN S. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

SELTZER, WILLIAM Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA

SELVAMUTHU, DHARMARAJA Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

SEXTON, KEN University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX, USA

SHAO, YONGZHAO New York University, New York, NY, USA

SHARMA, MUKESH IIT, Kanpur, India

SHERRIS, MICHAEL University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

SHUMWAY, ROBERT H. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

SIMO˜ ES, ONOFRE Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

SINGPURWALLA, NOZER D. The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

SLAVKOVIC, ALEKSANDRA B. Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA

SLAYTON, TRACEY M. Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA

SMITH, JIM Q. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

SMITH, RICHARD L. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

SOLOW, ANDREW R. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

SOOPRAMANIEN, DIDIER G.R. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

SREBOTNJAK, TANJA Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

STEFFEY, DUANE L. Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA

STEIN, ALFRED ITC International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands

STERN, ALAN H. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA

STEWART, MARK G. The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

STEWART, THEODOR J. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

STOCKER, RUSSELL S. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

STOTO, MICHAEL A. Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies, Washington, DC, USA

SUN, JIANGUO University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

SUTTON, ALEX University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

SWITZER, PAUL Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

TAPIERO, CHARLES Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA and ESSEC, Cergy, France

TAYLOR, LAURA L. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

TEBALDI, CLAUDIA National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

TENENBEIN, AARON New York University, New York, NY, USA

THOMPSON, COLIN University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

THWAITES, PETER University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

TRIVEDI, KISHOR S. Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

TSANAKAS, ANDREAS City University, London, UK

UMBACH, DAVID M. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

UTKIN, LEV V. St. Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia

VAN GELDER, PETRUS H.A.J.M. Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, Netherlands

VANDUFFEL, STEVEN Kathdieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

VAURIO, JUSSI K. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland

VENTER, GARY Guy Carpenter, LLC, New York, NY, USA

VERNIC, RALUCA Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania

VOIT, EBERHARD O. Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA

VRIJLING, JOHANNES K. Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, Netherlands

WAKEFIELD, JON University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

WALHIN, JEAN--FRANÇOIS Forits, Brussels and UniversitéCatholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

WALLER, LANCE A. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

WALLNER, JAMES Cyber Defense Agency

WANG, WEIQIANG University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

WATSON, HEATHER N. New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

WEST, RONNIE WEBSTER Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

WHITE, RONALD H. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

WIDNER, THOMAS E. ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA, USA

WIEDLEA, ANDREW C.K. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

WILLMOT, GORDON E. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

WILSON, SIMON P. Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

WONG, CHUN Y. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

WONG, HOI Y. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

WONG, SAMUEL PO-SHING Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

WU, FEI Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA

WU, LIXIN University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

YUNG, SUNNY W.S. Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China

ZAGST, RUDI Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

ZHAO, KE Exponent-Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA

ZHOU, XUN YU University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

ZHU, YU China Europe International Business School, Shanghai, China

ZIMMERMAN, RAE New York University, New York, NY, USA