Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation

The book presents an in depth review from eminent industry practitioners and researchers of the emerging green face of multidimensional environmental chemistry. Topics such as green chemistry in industry, green energy: solar photons to fuels, green nanotechnology and sustainability, and green chemistry modeling address a wide array of iusses encouraging the use of economical ecofriendly benign technologies, which not only improve the yield, but also illustrates the concept of zero waste, a subject of interest to both chemists and environmentalists alike.

Rashmi Sanghi received her PhD from the University of Allahabad, India, in 1994. She is currently a consultant at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Her major research interests are environmental green chemistry specializing in microbial and nanoparticle research. She has over 80 international journal publications, two patents, and two books on green chemistry to her credit.

Vandana Singh received her PhD from the University of Allahabad, India, in 1986. She is currently an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad. Her research interests are in polysaccharides, polymers, and polymer composites. She has over 70 international journal publications as well as several book chapters to her credit.

List of Contributors xvii

Foreword xix

Part 1. Green Chemistry and Societal Sustainability 1

1. Environment and the Role of Green Chemistry 3

2. The Greening of the Chemical Industry: Past, Present and Challenges Ahead 35

3. Designing Sustainable Chemical Synthesis: The Influence of Chemistry on Process Design 79

4. Green Chemical Processing in the Teaching Laboratory: Microwave Extraction of Natural Products 107

5. Ensuring Sustainability through Microscale Chemistry 119

6. Capability Development and Technology Transfer Essential for Economic Transformation 137

Part 2. Green Lab Technologies 153

7. Ultrasound Cavitation as a Green Processing Technique in the Design and Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery System 155

8. Microwave-Enhanced Methods for Biodiesel Production and Other Environmental Applications 209

9. Emergence of Base Catalysts for Synthesis of Biodiesel 251

10. Hydrothermal Technologies for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass 291

11. Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry Prediction of Ionic Liquids Toxicity Using Cell Models 343

12. Nano-catalyst: A Second Generation Tool for Green Chemistry 357

13. Green Polymer Synthesis: An Overview on Use of Microwave-Irradiation 379

Part 3. Green Bio-energy Sources 425

14. Bioenergy as a Green Technology Frontier 427

15. Biofuels as Suitable Replacement for Fossil Fuels 451

16. Biocatalysts-Greener Solutions 479

17. Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry. Chemical Hydrolysis and Pretreatment Processes 505

18. Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry Chemicals from Lignin 561

19. Genome Enabled Technologies in Green Chemistry 611

Part 4. Green Solutions for Remediation 627

20. Green Biotechnology for Municipal and Industrial Wastewater 629

21. Phytoremediation of Cadmium: A Green Approach 659

22. A Closer Look at “Green” Glass: Remediation with Organosilica Sol-Gels Through the Application of Green Chemistry 697

23. Modification and Applications of Guar Gum in the Field of Green Chemistry 727