Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2007-03-30
Publisher(s): CRC Press
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Summary

Humans, being visually oriented, are well versed in camouflage and how animals hide from predators that use vision to locate prey. However, many predators do not hunt by sight; they hunt by scent. This raises the question: do survival mechanisms and behaviors exist which allow animals to hide from these olfactory predators? If so, what are they, and how do they work?Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction examines environmental as well as biological and behavioral elements of both predators and prey to answer gaps in our current knowledge of the survival dynamics of species. Beginning with a thorough look at the mechanics of olfaction, the author explains how predators detect, locate, and track their prey using odor trails on the ground or odor plumes in the air. Understanding the physics of airflow is the next step to understanding the potential for manipulating and masking scent. While a bush may conceal an animal visually from a predator, it will not protect an animal from a predator using olfaction. To hide from the latter, an animal needs to hide in locations where turbulence and updrafts will disperse its scent. The book addresses tradeoffs that animals must make given their dual needs to hide from predators and to procure food and water. Studies of mammalian and avian behavior provide examples on the actual use and efficacy of olfactory camouflage tactics.The book concludes with a redefinition of ecological terms based on the physics of airflow and a summary of the theory and implications of olfactory predator--prey dynamics.Introducing the mechanics of olfaction and its influence on the behavior of both predators and prey, Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction presents a new perception of the world and enables us to understand and more effectively manage the delicate survival dynamics of animals in the wild.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
Acknowledgmentsp. xv
Olfactory predators and odorantsp. 1
Olfactory organs of vertebratesp. 2
Comparing the olfactory ability of humans to other mammalsp. 4
Use of olfaction by birds to locate foodp. 4
Which modality is most important to snakes in locating prey?p. 5
Which modality is most important to predatory mammals in locating prey?p. 7
Characteristics of odorantsp. 8
Perception of odor mixturesp. 9
Sources of odorants from mammals and birdsp. 10
Using odors to detect differences between species or individualsp. 11
Can animals hide from olfactory predators by changing their odor?p. 12
Can animals hide from olfactory predators by masking their odor with another, overpowering one?p. 13
Factors influencing the evaporation rate of odorantsp. 16
Movement of odorants through the atmospherep. 19
The olfactory concealment theoryp. 20
Detecting and locating prey through depositional odor trailsp. 23
Creation of depositional odor trailsp. 23
Determining how long ago a trail was createdp. 24
Determining the direction of an odor trailp. 25
Impact of environmental conditions on depositional odor trailsp. 27
How good are predators at following a depositional odor trail?p. 29
Behavioral tactics used by deer and hares to escape from tracking dogsp. 30
Locating home ranges using olfactory cuesp. 32
What prey can do to minimize their risk from depositional odor trailsp. 33
What olfactory predators can do to maximize the usefulness of depositional odor trailsp. 33
Using airborne odorants to detect the presence of preyp. 35
The challenge of using airborne odorants to detect the presence of preyp. 35
Impact of a steady wind on a predator's ability to detect an odor plumep. 36
How far can predators detect prey by sensing the quarry through its odor plume?p. 36
Can prey reduce their odorant emission rate?p. 38
Impact of wind velocity on odorant concentrationp. 39
Impact of turbulence on odorant concentrationp. 39
Differences in time-averaged and instantaneous views of odor plumesp. 43
Impact of lateral and vertical turbulence on the size of instantaneous odor plumesp. 44
Measurements of turbulencep. 45
Spatial and temporal structure of odor plumesp. 46
Effect of atmospheric instability on the vertical dispersion of odorantsp. 47
Diurnal changes in atmospheric stabilityp. 50
Impact of atmospheric instability on olfactory predators and their preyp. 53
Using odor plumes to locate prey and the impact of convectionp. 55
Locating prey through airborne odorantsp. 55
Potential methods animals can use to locate an odor sourcep. 55
How moths locate sources of odor plumesp. 58
How tsetse flies use odor plumes to find their hostsp. 59
Do predators develop olfactory search images of their prey?p. 60
Impact of wind velocity on the ability of predators to locate prey using odor plumesp. 60
Impact of wind velocity of olfactory predators and their preyp. 62
Effect of variable wind speed and direction on use of odor plumes to locate preyp. 62
Convective turbulence caused by local topographyp. 64
Impact of local convective currents on olfactory predators and their preyp. 68
Experimental evidence that updrafts and turbulence hinder the ability of predators to find prey using olfactionp. 71
Do updrafts and atmospheric turbulence hinder the ability of dogs to find birds?p. 71
Methodsp. 71
Resultsp. 72
Discussionp. 73
Are nest predation rates by free-ranging predators lower in areas where updrafts occur?p. 73
Methodsp. 73
Resultsp. 74
Discussionp. 74
Do updrafts and turbulence hinder the ability of free-ranging predators to find artificial nests?p. 74
Methodsp. 75
Resultsp. 76
Discussionp. 76
Turbulence caused by isolated surface featuresp. 77
Mechanical turbulence caused by isolated surface featuresp. 78
Impact of turbulence caused by isolated surface features on olfactory predators and their preyp. 80
Mechanical turbulence caused by an isolated plantp. 82
Impact of turbulence caused by isolated trees on olfactory predators and their preyp. 88
Turbulence caused by shelterbeltsp. 88
Impact of turbulence across shelterbelts on olfactory predators and their preyp. 91
Turbulence over rough surfacesp. 95
Aerodynamic roughness lengthp. 96
Impact of z[subscript 0] on olfactory predators and their preyp. 98
Zero-plane displacementp. 99
Airflow across habitat edgesp. 101
Airflow from a smooth to a rough surfacep. 101
Airflow from rough to smooth surfacesp. 103
Impact of turbulence caused by habitat edges on olfactory predators and their preyp. 104
Turbulence within and below plant canopiesp. 107
Convective turbulence within plant canopiesp. 107
Mechanical turbulence within plant canopiesp. 108
Airflow and turbulence within forb and grass canopiesp. 110
Movement of a pheromone plume within a grain fieldp. 111
Airflow within the subcanopy of forestsp. 113
Differences in the movement of odor plumes above grass canopies and within forest canopiesp. 115
How does turbulence within a forest plantation differ from a naturally reproducing or old-growth forest?p. 118
Impact of turbulence within a forest subcanopy on olfactory predators and their preyp. 120
Airflow in savannasp. 120
Impact of turbulence in forests, prairies, and savannas on olfactory predators and their preyp. 124
Trade-offs required to achieve optimal hiding strategiesp. 125
Optimal hiding strategies for preyp. 125
Optimal foraging strategies for predatorsp. 125
How predators develop search images of preyp. 126
How birds learn where to nestp. 127
Interplay between a predator's optimal foraging strategy and a prey's optimal hiding strategyp. 130
Trade-offs involving avoiding detection versus capturep. 131
Trade-offs required to avoid both visual and olfactory predatorsp. 131
Trade-offs between the need to avoid olfactory predators and to meet the other necessities of lifep. 134
Trade-offs between the need to reproduce this year versus during future yearsp. 136
Trade-offs involving the timing of dangerous activitiesp. 137
Trade-offs among injuries, illness, starvation, and predatorsp. 139
Summaryp. 142
Impact of olfactory predators on the behavior of female ungulates during parturition and on the behavior of their youngp. 143
Do females reduce their production of odorants at parturition sites or the bedding sites of their young?p. 146
Is the behavior of neonates designed to hinder the ability of predators to find them using olfaction?p. 147
Do fawns adjust the timing of their movements to avoid attracting the attention of visual or olfactory predators?p. 150
Do female ungulates select parturition sites, and do young select bedding grounds where olfactory predators would have a hard time finding them?p. 150
Pronghornp. 150
Roe deerp. 152
White-tailed deerp. 152
Mule deerp. 152
Elkp. 154
Cariboup. 155
Dall's sheep and bighorn sheepp. 156
Do nest site characteristics influence nest predation rates by olfactory predators?p. 159
Impact of avian mass, surface area, and metabolic rates on olfactory predatorsp. 159
Impact of nest characteristics on olfactory predatorsp. 162
Do weather, convection, isolated surface features, or shelterbelts influence nest predation rates of olfactory predators?p. 171
Impact of weather on olfactory predatorsp. 171
Impact of convection on olfactory predatorsp. 173
Impact of isolated surface features on olfactory predatorsp. 175
Impact of shelterbelts on olfactory predatorsp. 178
Do prairies, savannas, forests, or edge habitats influence nest predation rates of olfactory predators?p. 181
Nest predation by olfactory predators in prairies and open fieldsp. 181
Nest predation by olfactory predators in savannasp. 189
Nest predation by olfactory predators within forestsp. 189
Impact of edge habitat on olfactory predatorsp. 192
Using the physics of airflow to redefine common ecological termsp. 195
Examples from forest ecology of the confusion that can be created by ambiguous definitionsp. 195
What is a forest patch or habitat patch?p. 195
What is a forest interior?p. 196
What is a forest edge?p. 196
How far does a forest edge extend into a forest?p. 196
What is a forest clearing?p. 196
Benefits of defining ecological terms based on the physics of airflowp. 197
Epiloguep. 201
Dangers posed by depositional odor trailsp. 201
Dangers posed by odor plumesp. 201
Can the olfactory-concealment theory help guide future research and provide answers to questions that heretofore have lacked explanation?p. 202
Does the olfactory-concealment theory have any applied value?p. 203
Referencesp. 205
Latin names of species mentioned in this bookp. 223
Symbols used in this bookp. 229
Forces controlling wind speed and directionp. 231
Pasquill's system for measuring atmospheric stabilityp. 235
Author Indexp. 237
Species Indexp. 241
Subject Indexp. 245
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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