Psychology,9780139325830

Psychology

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780139325830
ISBN10: 0139325832
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1999-07-01
Publisher(s): PRENTICE HALL
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Summary

Designed for majors and non-majors alike, this engaging text offers a broad exploration of classic and contemporary research on current and emerging topics in the field, and encourages students to recognize, first hand, how psychological concepts have meaning in their own daily lives. Several interactive features ensure thorough understanding of the material, and the book's lively conversational tone enhances its interactive approach to both teaching and learning psychology.

Table of Contents

About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Psychology, Research, and You
3(42)
Becoming a Psychological Detective
4(9)
Arthur Conan Doyle's Belief in Fairies
5(2)
Mentalism Revealed
7(2)
Guidelines for the Psychological Detective
9(4)
Research Methods in Psychology
13(15)
The Case Study
14(1)
Naturalistic Observation
14(1)
Correlational Research
15(2)
Survey Research
17(2)
The Experimental Method
19(3)
Statistics and Psychologists
22(1)
Research Ethics
23(5)
The Origins of Modern Psychology
28(8)
Wundt and Structuralism
28(1)
Functionalism
29(1)
Gestalt Psychology
29(1)
The Behavioral Perspective
30(1)
Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
31(1)
The Humanistic Perspective
31(1)
The Physiological Perspective
32(1)
The Cognitive Perspective
33(1)
The Cultural and Diversity Perspective
33(3)
Present-Day Psychology
36(1)
Psychological Specialties
37(8)
Biological Foundations of Psychology
45(42)
Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and the Evolutionary Perspective
46(1)
Sensing, Processing, and Responding
47(1)
The Nervous System
47(16)
The Peripheral Nervous System
48(2)
The Central Nervous System
50(13)
Neurons: The Cells of the Nervous System
63(13)
Components of the Neuron
64(2)
The Synapse and Neurotransmitters
66(6)
The Nature of the Neural Signal
72(4)
The Split-Brain Operation and Neuropsychology
76(4)
The Split-Brain Operation
76(2)
Brain Asymmetries
78(1)
Neuropsychology
79(1)
The Endocrine System
80(7)
Major Endocrine Glands
81(6)
Sensation and Perception
87(54)
Sensation, Perception, and Psychophysics
88(3)
Sensation and Perception
88(1)
Psychophysics
89(1)
Thresholds
90(1)
Sensory Systems
91(28)
Vision
92(12)
Audition (Hearing)
104(6)
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
110(5)
Other Sensory Systems
115(4)
Perception
119(13)
Motivation and Attention
119(2)
Basic Perceptual Abilities: Patterns and Constancies
121(4)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
125(2)
Perception of Movement
127(1)
Perceptual Hypotheses and Illusions
128(2)
Contemporary Issues and Findings in Perception Research
130(2)
Paranormal Phenomena
132(9)
Skeptical Scientists
133(2)
A Believing Public
135(6)
Motivation and Emotion
141(48)
What is Motivation?
142(1)
Theories of Motivation
142(8)
Biological Theories
143(3)
Cognitive Theories
146(2)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
148(2)
The Role of Learning
150(1)
Dealing With Multiple Motives
150(3)
Specific Motives
153(7)
Hunger
153(1)
Sex
154(3)
Achievement
157(2)
Affiliation
159(1)
The What and the Why of Emotion
160(2)
Relating Emotions and Behavior
161(1)
The Physiological Components of Emotions
162(10)
The First Theories
162(2)
Physiological Differences Among Emotions
164(2)
The Role of the Brain
166(3)
Evaluating the Lie Detector
169(3)
The Expressive Components of Emotions
172(10)
Universal Elements in the Facial Expression of Emotion
172(7)
Nonverbal Communication
179(2)
Gender Effects
181(1)
The Cognitive Components of Emotions
182(7)
The Language of Emotion
183(2)
The Development of Emotion
185(4)
States of Consciousness
189(44)
What is Consciousness?
190(1)
The Rhythms of Life
191(6)
Circadian Rhythms
191(3)
Problems with Circadian Rhythms
194(3)
The Study of Sleep
197(16)
A Night in a Sleep Lab
198(1)
The Stages of Sleep
198(2)
Differences in Individual Sleep Patterns
200(2)
Sleep Deprivation
202(1)
The Functions of Sleep
202(1)
Sleep Problems
203(7)
Dreams: Nighttime Theater
210(3)
Hypnosis
213(6)
The History of Hypnosis
214(1)
Hypnotic Induction
214(1)
Hypnotic Phenomena
215(2)
Explanations of Hypnosis
217(2)
Altering Consciousness with Drugs
219(14)
Depressants
221(6)
Stimulants
227(1)
Opioids
228(1)
Hallucinogens
228(5)
Basic Principles of Learning
233(42)
What is Learning?
234(1)
Classical Conditioning
235(15)
Pavlov and the Elements of Classical Conditioning
235(3)
Phobias
238(1)
John Watson, Little Albert, and the Ethics of Research
239(2)
Pleasant Unconditioned Stimuli
241(1)
Other Aspects of Classical Conditioning
241(4)
Classical Conditioning and Our Motives
245(1)
Current Trends in Classical Conditioning
245(2)
Taste-Aversion Learning and Preparedness
247(3)
Operant Conditioning
250(14)
Reinforcers
250(2)
B. F. Skinner and the ``Skinner Box''
252(1)
Shaping
253(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement
254(4)
The Role of Cognition
258(3)
Punishment: The Opposite of Reinforcement
261(3)
Extinction
264(3)
The Partial Reinforcement Effect
264(1)
Operant Conditioning and Stimulus Control
265(2)
Observational Learning
267(2)
Behavior Modification
269(6)
Memory
275(42)
Initial Studies
276(3)
The Curve of Forgetting
277(1)
Recognition and Relearning
277(2)
Traditional Models of Memory
279(10)
Human Memory as an Information Processing System
279(2)
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
281(8)
Other Approaches to Learning and Memory
289(16)
The Levels-of-Processing Model
289(3)
Alternate Approaches
292(1)
Different Types of Long-Term Memory
293(4)
Retrieval
297(5)
The Repressed-Memory Controversey
302(2)
Memory Illusions
304(1)
Techniques for Improving Memory
305(6)
Influential Factors
305(1)
Processing Strategies
306(5)
The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory
311(6)
Amnesias
312(5)
Thinking and Intelligence
317(46)
Thinking
318(21)
Cognitive Psychology
318(4)
Thinking and Language
322(2)
Problem Solving
324(5)
Making Decisions
329(4)
Creativity
333(6)
Intelligence
339(24)
The History of Intelligence Testing
341(3)
Principles of Psychological Tests
344(2)
Extremes of Intelligence
346(3)
Kinds of Intelligence
349(3)
Misuse of Intelligence Tests
352(1)
Heredity and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence
352(11)
Developmental Psychology I: Conception Through Childhood
363(48)
Basic Issues in Developmental Psychology
364(4)
Nature and Nurture
364(2)
Research Methods
366(2)
Development From Conception of Birth
368(11)
Heredity
369(3)
Prenatal Development
372(4)
Birth
376(3)
Development in Infancy
379(6)
Sensory Abilities
379(1)
How Newborns Learn
380(2)
Maturation
382(3)
Psychosocial Development in Childhood
385(13)
Temperament
385(1)
Personality Development
386(3)
Attachment
389(3)
The Father's Role
392(1)
Day Care
393(1)
Parenting Styles
394(4)
Cognitive Development in Childhood
398(5)
Piaget's Theory
398(5)
Language
403(8)
Language Development
403(2)
Moral Development
405(6)
Developmental Psychology II: Adolescence Through Old Age
411(38)
Physical Changes
412(7)
Adolescence
413(1)
Early Adulthood
414(1)
Middle Adulthood
414(1)
Late Adulthood
415(4)
Intellectual Changes
419(8)
Adolescence
419(1)
Early Adulthood
420(2)
Middle Adulthood
422(1)
Late Adulthood
423(1)
Schaie's Stages of Thought and Cognition
424(3)
Personality and Social Changes
427(11)
Adolescence
427(3)
Early Adulthood
430(3)
Middle Adulthood
433(2)
Late Adulthood
435(3)
Death, Dying, and Bereavement
438(4)
Attitudes Toward Death
438(1)
Confronting Death
439(1)
Bereavement, Grief, and Support
440(2)
Highlighting Cultural Views and Practices
442(7)
Birthing and Parenting Practices
442(1)
Intelligence
443(1)
Educational Achievement
444(1)
Aging
445(4)
Sex and Gender
449(42)
Sex and Gender: An Introduction
450(16)
The Biology of Sex
451(3)
The Hormonal Basis of Sex
454(2)
The Development of Gender Roles
456(3)
Gender Stereotyping
459(7)
Similarities and Differences between Males and Females
466(7)
Biological Differences
466(1)
Early Analyses of Sex Differences
467(1)
The Cognitive Realm
468(2)
The Social Realm
470(3)
Social Issues
473(18)
Education
474(3)
Work and Careers
477(10)
Family Responsibilities
487(4)
Personality
491(40)
Analyzing Personality
492(13)
Defining Personality
492(1)
Personality Tests
493(5)
Traits Approaches
498(4)
Is Behavior Consistent?
502(3)
Biological Factors in Personality
505(7)
Early Biological Approaches
506(2)
Twin Studies
508(4)
The Psychodynamic Perspective
512(9)
Basic Concepts
513(1)
The Structure of the Mind
514(1)
Defense Mechanisms
515(1)
Stages of Psychosexual Development
516(2)
Freud in Perspective
518(3)
The Social-Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives
521(10)
Learning and Cognitive Perspectives
521(3)
The Humanistic Perspective
524(7)
Psychological Disorders
531(48)
Abnormal Behavior
532(5)
Criteria of Abnormality
532(1)
A Working Definition
533(1)
The Concept of Insanity
534(1)
Models of Abnormal Behavior
535(2)
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders
537(5)
DSM-IV
538(1)
The Labeling Issue
538(1)
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
539(3)
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
542(11)
Anxiety Disorders
543(5)
Somatoform Disorders
548(2)
Dissociative Disorders
550(3)
Mood Disorders
553(10)
Depression
553(5)
Bipolar Disorder
558(1)
Causes of Mood Disorders
559(4)
Schizophrenia
563(8)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
564(1)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
565(1)
Causes of Schizophrenia
566(5)
Personality and Sexual Disorders
571(8)
Personality Disorders
572(2)
Sexual Disorders
574(5)
Therapy
579(46)
Therapy through the Ages
580(7)
The History of Therapy
580(4)
Therapy and Therapists
584(3)
Psychologically Based Therapies
587(19)
Psychoanalytic Therapy
588(2)
Humanistic Therapies
590(1)
Cognitive Therapies
591(5)
Behavior Therapies
596(6)
Group Therapies
602(2)
Self-Help
604(2)
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
606(7)
Eysenck's Challenge
606(1)
Characteristics of Effective Psychotherapy
607(1)
Changing Psychotherapy to Meet the Needs of Diversity
608(2)
When to Begin Psychotherapy and What to Expect
610(3)
Biomedical Therapies
613(12)
Drug Therapy
613(6)
Electroconvulsive Therapy
619(1)
Psychosurgery
620(5)
Health Psychology
625(44)
Health Psychology: An Overview
626(1)
Stress and Illness
627(11)
The General Adaptation Syndrome
628(3)
Sources of Stress
631(4)
What Makes Events Stressful?
635(1)
How Stress and Disease May Be Related
636(2)
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
638(19)
Smoking
638(3)
Heart Disease
641(5)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
646(3)
Nutrition and Eating
649(8)
Coping with Stress
657(12)
Psychological Moderators of Stress
657(4)
Ways of Reducing Arousal: Relaxation and Physical Activity
661(8)
Social Psychology: The Individual in Society
669(48)
Social Psychology and Culture
670(1)
How We View Others and Their Behavior
671(12)
Impression Formation
671(3)
Social Judgements: Attributing Causes to Behavior
674(4)
Attitudes
678(5)
Interpersonal Relations
683(11)
Attraction
683(1)
Friendship
684(1)
Love
685(2)
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others
687(2)
Aggression
689(5)
Social Influences on Behavior
694(11)
Persuasion
694(6)
Obedience
700(2)
Conformity and Compliance
702(3)
The Individual as Part of a Social Group
705(12)
Social Facilitation
705(1)
Social Loafing
706(1)
Audiences and Coactors
706(2)
Group Interactions and Group Decisions
708(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination
709(8)
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
717(17)
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
718(1)
Personnel Psychology
718(6)
Using Personality Tests in Selecting Police Officers
721(1)
Training
722(1)
Performance Appraisal
723(1)
Organizational Psychology
724(3)
Motivation
725(1)
Job Satisfaction
726(1)
Human Factors Psychology
727(7)
Human-Machine System
727(1)
Workplace Design
728(2)
Safety
730(4)
Appendix 734(17)
References 751(29)
Credits 780(6)
Glossary and Index 786

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