| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Introduction Introduction to Critical Thinking |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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Experiencing How We Actually Think: A Whole Class Exercise |
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2 | (1) |
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Learning from Sharing How We Think |
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3 | (1) |
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What Is Critical Thinking? |
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4 | (2) |
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Relationship to Creative Thinking |
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6 | (2) |
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Why Learn Critical Thinking? |
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8 | (4) |
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Box: Habits of a Critical Thinker |
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9 | (3) |
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PART I Basics of Critical Thinking |
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Observation Skills: What's Out There? |
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12 | (32) |
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Comparing Our Perceptions |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Using Observation Skills to Develop New Knowledge |
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16 | (5) |
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Reading: Look at Your Fish |
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17 | (4) |
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Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Observing the Familiar: Vegetable or Fruit |
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21 | (4) |
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Evaluating Your Work by Using the Scoring Boxes |
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25 | (1) |
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Alternate Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Observing the Unfamiliar: A Tool |
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26 | (3) |
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The Observation Process: Sensing, Perceiving, Thinking |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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How Discomfort Leads Us to Think |
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32 | (2) |
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Building Arguments: Observation Skills |
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34 | (1) |
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The Rewards of Skilled Observation |
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35 | (3) |
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Reading: The Innocent Eye |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Survival as a Result of Observing: A Descriptive Narrative Essay |
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39 | (1) |
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Reading: Desert Solitaire |
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40 | (3) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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43 | (1) |
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Word Precision: How Do I Describe It? |
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44 | (31) |
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On Finding the Right Word |
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45 | (1) |
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Taking an Interest in Dictionaries |
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46 | (2) |
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How Well Do You Use Your Dictionary? |
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48 | (1) |
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Clear Thinking Depends on Clear Word Definitions |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Diagram: Definition Boundaries |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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The Connotations of Words |
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54 | (1) |
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The Importance of Defining Key Ideas |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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What Is Critical Reading? |
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58 | (2) |
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Building Arguments: Word Choices |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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A Short Essay of Definition |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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Reading: The Professor and the Madman |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (3) |
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Reading: What Privacy Is---and What It Is Not |
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71 | (3) |
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Advanced Optional Writing Assignment |
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74 | (1) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (30) |
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Beginning with the Word Fact |
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76 | (1) |
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Learning to Recognize Facts |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Distinguishing Facts from Fiction |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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Facts and Social Pressure |
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84 | (3) |
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Facts and Our Limited Senses |
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87 | (1) |
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Reading: The Blind Men and the Elephant |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Using a List of Facts to Describe a Photograph |
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91 | (1) |
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Standards We Use to Determine Facts |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Writing a Short Fact-Finding Report |
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95 | (2) |
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Reading: The Debt Explosion Elizabeth Warren and Amelia |
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97 | (2) |
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Reading: Fast Food Nation |
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99 | (3) |
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Building Arguments: Facts |
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102 | (1) |
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Advanced Optional Writing Assignment |
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103 | (1) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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103 | (2) |
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Inferences: What Follows? |
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105 | (39) |
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Recognizing Inferential Thinking |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Understanding the Words Infer and Inference |
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107 | (1) |
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Drawing Inferences from Evidence |
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108 | (1) |
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Drawing Inferences from Facts |
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109 | (1) |
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Distinguishing Inferences from Facts |
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109 | (3) |
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How Inferences Can Go Right and Wrong |
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112 | (4) |
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Reading: The Adventure of the Speckled Band |
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113 | (3) |
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Drawing Inferences from Careful Observation |
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116 | (3) |
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Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Using Facts and Inferences to Describe a Photograph |
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119 | (1) |
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Generalizations Are Inferences |
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120 | (2) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Writing a Paragraph from Facts, Inferences, and Generalizations |
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122 | (2) |
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Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Analyzing the Use of Facts and Inferences in a Newspaper Article |
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124 | (1) |
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Reading: Tougher Grading Better for Students |
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125 | (2) |
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Building Arguments: Inferences |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (13) |
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Reading: The Three Perceptives |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (10) |
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Objectives Review of Part I |
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142 | (2) |
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PART II Problems of Critical Thinking |
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Assumptions: What's Taken for Granted? |
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144 | (31) |
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145 | (1) |
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Finding Assumptions in Cartoons |
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145 | (1) |
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Finding Assumptions in Stories |
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145 | (2) |
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Understanding Assumptions |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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Identifying Hidden Assumptions in Reasoning |
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151 | (2) |
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Hidden Assumptions in Arguments |
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153 | (1) |
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Articulating Hidden Assumptions Underlying Arguments |
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154 | (1) |
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Value or Belief Assumptions |
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155 | (1) |
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Assumption Layers in Arguments |
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156 | (3) |
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Assumptions, Incongruities, and Thinking |
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159 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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Building Arguments: Assumptions |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Expository Essay: Solving a Problem by Uncovering Assumptions |
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164 | (4) |
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Reading: Lateral and Vertical Thinking Edward de Bono |
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168 | (3) |
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Reading: Winterblossom Garden |
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171 | (2) |
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Advanced Optional Writing Assignment |
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173 | (1) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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174 | (1) |
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Opinions: What's Believed? |
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175 | (20) |
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Comparing a Sample of Opinions |
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176 | (1) |
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Why Do We Get Confused by the Word Opinion? |
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176 | (1) |
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An Exercise in Evaluating Opinions |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Distinguishing between Responsible and Irresponsible Opinions |
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179 | (2) |
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Looking at Public Opinion Polls |
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181 | (1) |
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Opinions as Claims in Arguments |
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182 | (2) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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First Option: A Short Argument Supporting an Opinion |
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184 | (1) |
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Second Option: A Short Expository Essay About an Opinion |
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184 | (1) |
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Third Option: A Short Essay Analyzing Three Opinions |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Building Arguments: Opinions |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (7) |
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Reading: The Loss of Innocence |
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187 | (2) |
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Reading: A Modest Proposal |
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189 | (5) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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194 | (1) |
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Evaluations: What's Judged? |
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195 | (22) |
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196 | (1) |
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Recognizing Evaluative Words |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Evaluations Are Not Facts |
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199 | (2) |
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Expectations Influence Evaluations |
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201 | (1) |
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Recognizing Evaluations in Word Connotations |
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201 | (1) |
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Recognizing Evaluative Words' Persuasive Powers |
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202 | (2) |
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Skilled Use of Evaluations |
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204 | (2) |
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Reading: Million Dollar Brutality |
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205 | (1) |
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Propaganda and Hidden Evaluations |
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206 | (2) |
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Building Arguments: Evaluations |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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First Option: Observing and Analyzing Evaluations in Advertisements |
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210 | (1) |
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Second Option: Writing a Critical Review |
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211 | (1) |
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Reading: Prices Without Values |
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211 | (2) |
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Reading: Porn, Pervasive Presence |
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213 | (2) |
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Advanced Optional Writing Assignment |
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215 | (1) |
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Optional Internet Research Assignment |
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216 | (1) |
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Viewpoints: What's the Filter? |
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217 | (23) |
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Understanding the Term Viewpoint |
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218 | (1) |
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What Types of Viewpoints Are There? |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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On Unconscious Viewpoints |
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220 | (2) |
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Recognizing Political and Social Points of View |
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222 | (1) |
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Recognizing Viewpoints Left and Right |
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223 | (6) |
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Reading: Beyond the Myth of Objectivity |
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227 | (2) |
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Learning to Recognize Political Viewpoints |
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229 | (1) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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A Survey of Some Alternative Viewpoints |
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229 | (3) |
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Hidden Viewpoints: The Use of News Framing |
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232 | (1) |
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Observing How a Newspaper Frames Its Information |
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233 | (1) |
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Building Arguments: Viewpoints |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (3) |
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Reading: Why Can't We Talk About Religion and Politics? |
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235 | (3) |
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Objectives Review of Part II |
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238 | (2) |
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PART III Forms and Standards of Critical Thinking |
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Argument: What's a Good Argument? |
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240 | (34) |
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Reading and Judging Arguments |
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241 | (1) |
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Critical Reading of Arguments |
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242 | (2) |
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What Viewpoint Is the Source of This Argument? |
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244 | (1) |
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What Is the Issue of Controversy? |
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244 | (2) |
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Is It an Argument or a Report? |
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246 | (3) |
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How Is the Argument Structured in Terms of Reasons and Conclusions? |
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249 | (3) |
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Identifying the Conclusion of an Argument |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Identifying Reasons and Conclusions |
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252 | (1) |
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More on Distinguishing Reasons from Conclusions |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Conclusion at the Beginning |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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More Practice in Identifying Reasons and Conclusions |
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255 | (1) |
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More Practice with Longer Arguments |
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256 | (1) |
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Core Discovery Writing Application |
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Writing a Short Persuasive Argument: A Letter of Complaint |
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257 | (3) |
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What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of This Argument? |
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260 | (1) |
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Is Any Important Information Missing? |
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260 | (2) |
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Following Up on Missing Information |
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262 | (2) |
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Reading: Eczema Drugs Carry Cancer Risk US FDA Says |
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262 | (2) |
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Is Any Information False, Contradictory or Irreconcilable? |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (8) |
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Reading: Job Outsourcing Good for America |
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267 | (2) |
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Reading: 30 Little Turtles by Thomas L. Friedman |
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269 | (1) |
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Reading: What's Wrong with Outsourcing? |
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270 | (4) |
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Fallacies: What's a Faulty Argument? |
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274 | (27) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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Fallacies That Manipulate Through Language |
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277 | (6) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (2) |
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Fallacies That Manipulate Emotions |
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283 | (8) |
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Emotional Appeals to Fear and Pity |
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284 | (1) |
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Appeal to False Authority |
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285 | (3) |
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Appeal to Prejudice: Personal Attack and Poisoning the Well |
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288 | (3) |
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Fallacies That Manipulate Through Distraction |
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291 | (6) |
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291 | (3) |
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Pointing to Another Wrong |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
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Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies: How Do I Reason from Evidence? |
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301 | (46) |
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302 | (1) |
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Answering a Survey on Test Performance |
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302 | (1) |
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Looking at Inductive Reasoning |
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302 | (2) |
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Reasoning from Sensory Observation |
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304 | (1) |
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Reasoning from Enumeration |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Reasoning From and About Causes |
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307 | (3) |
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Reasoning with Hypotheses |
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310 | (2) |
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Reasoning Through Statistics and Probability |
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312 | (3) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Working from Facts to Inferences to Hypotheses |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Building Arguments: Induction |
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319 | (6) |
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Reading: The Global 2000 Study of 1975: An Interagency Forecast |
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320 | (5) |
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Fallacies of Inductive Reasoning |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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The Either-Or Fallacy, or False Dilemma |
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328 | (1) |
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The Questionable Statistic |
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329 | (3) |
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Contradictions and Inconsistencies |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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Advanced Optional Short Research Assignment |
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Detecting Fallacies in an Argument |
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346 | (1) |
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Deductive Reasoning: How Do I Reason from Premises? |
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347 | (25) |
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What Is Deductive Reasoning? |
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348 | (1) |
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Evaluating Deductive Arguments |
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348 | (1) |
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About Deductive Reasoning |
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349 | (2) |
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The Basic Vocabulary of Logic |
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351 | (4) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Standardized Forms in Syllogisms |
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355 | (1) |
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Practice in Constructing Syllogisms |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (4) |
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What Is Said and Is It True? |
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358 | (1) |
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Is There a Hidden Premise? |
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359 | (1) |
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Is the Reasoning Correct? |
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360 | (1) |
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Reviewing the Vocabulary of Logic |
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361 | (1) |
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The Interplay of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning |
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362 | (2) |
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Composition Writing Application |
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Writing a Deductive Argument |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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Building Arguments: Deduction |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (4) |
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Reading: The Declaration of Independence |
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368 | (1) |
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Reading: Letter from a Birmingham Jail |
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369 | (2) |
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Objectives Review of Part III |
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371 | (1) |
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APPENDIX ONE: The Research Paper |
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372 | (13) |
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Research Paper Assignments in This Text |
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372 | (1) |
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First Option: Analysis of Two Arguments Pro and Con on a Recent Controversial Issue |
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372 | (5) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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Instructions for the Argument Analysis Assignment |
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373 | (1) |
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Outline Form Used in This Assignment |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (1) |
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Length and Viewpoints of Arguments Selected |
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376 | (1) |
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Second Option: An Argumentative Research Essay |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (2) |
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Analysis of Two Arguments on the Issue: Is Job Outsourcing Good for America? |
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380 | (5) |
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APPENDIX TWO: Media Literacy |
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385 | (11) |
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385 | (2) |
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Media Literacy Skills for Assessing News Reliability |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Journalism in the Role of the Fourth Estate |
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388 | (3) |
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Suggestions for Further Study |
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391 | (1) |
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Some Recent Books on the Media |
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391 | (1) |
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Steps for Assessing Information Reliability |
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392 | (1) |
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Sample Websites for Studying the News |
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393 | (3) |
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Directories for News from International Sources |
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393 | (1) |
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Samples of Online Foreign News Sources in English |
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393 | (1) |
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Some U.S. Newspaper Sites |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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Independent Voter Information Sites |
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395 | (1) |
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Some Political Activism Sites |
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395 | (1) |
| Index |
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396 | (10) |
| Credits |
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406 | |
Other versions by this Author
