
Understanding Cryptography
by Paar, Christof; Pelzl, Jan; Preneel, Bart-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Introduction to Cryptography and Data Security | p. 1 |
Overview of Cryptography (and This Book) | p. 2 |
Symmetric Cryptography | p. 4 |
Basics | p. 4 |
Simple Symmetric Encryption: The Substitution Cipher | p. 6 |
Cryptanalysis | p. 9 |
General Thoughts on Breaking Cryptosystems | p. 9 |
How Many Key Bits Are Enough? | p. 11 |
Modular Arithmetic and More Historical Ciphers | p. 13 |
Modular Arithmetic | p. 13 |
Integer Rings | p. 16 |
Shift Cipher (or Caesar Cipher) | p. 18 |
Affine Cipher | p. 19 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 20 |
Lessons Learned | p. 22 |
Problems | p. 24 |
Stream Ciphers | p. 29 |
Introduction | p. 30 |
Stream Ciphers vs. Block Ciphers | p. 30 |
Encryption and Decryption with Stream Ciphers | p. 31 |
Random Numbers and an Unbreakable Stream Cipher | p. 34 |
Random Number Generators | p. 34 |
The One-Time Pad | p. 36 |
Towards Practical Stream Ciphers | p. 38 |
Shift Register-Based Stream Ciphers | p. 41 |
Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) | p. 41 |
Known-Plaintext Attack Against Single LFSRs | p. 45 |
Trivium | p. 46 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 49 |
Lessons Learned | p. 50 |
Problems | p. 52 |
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Alternatives | p. 55 |
Introduction to DES | p. 56 |
Confusion and Diffusion | p. 57 |
Overview of the DES Algorithm | p. 58 |
Internal Structure of DES | p. 61 |
Initial and Final Permutation | p. 61 |
The รข-Function | p. 62 |
Key Schedule | p. 67 |
Decryption | p. 69 |
Security of DES | p. 72 |
Exhaustive Key Search | p. 73 |
Analytical Attacks | p. 75 |
Implementation in Software and Hardware | p. 75 |
DES Alternatives | p. 77 |
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and the AES Finalist Ciphers | p. 77 |
Triple DES (3DES) and DESX | p. 78 |
Lightweight Cipher PRESENT | p. 78 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 81 |
Lessons Learned | p. 82 |
Problems | p. 83 |
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 88 |
Overview of the AES Algorithm | p. 89 |
Some Mathematics: A Brief Introduction to Galois Fields | p. 90 |
Existence of Finite Fields | p. 90 |
Prime Fields | p. 93 |
Extension Fields GF(2m) | p. 94 |
Addition and Subtraction in GF(2m) | p. 95 |
Multiplication in GF{2m) | p. 96 |
Inversion in GF(2m) | p. 98 |
Internal Structure of AES | p. 99 |
Byte Substitution Layer | p. 101 |
Diffusion Layer | p. 103 |
Key Addition Layer | p. 106 |
Key Schedule | p. 106 |
Decryption | p. 110 |
Implementation in Software and Hardware | p. 115 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 116 |
Lessons Learned | p. 117 |
Problems | p. 118 |
More About Block Ciphers | p. 123 |
Encryption with Block Ciphers: Modes of Operation | p. 124 |
Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB) | p. 124 |
Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC) | p. 128 |
Output Feedback Mode (ORB) | p. 130 |
Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB) | p. 131 |
Counter Mode (CTR) | p. 132 |
Galois Counter Mode (GCM) | p. 134 |
Exhaustive Key Search Revisited | p. 136 |
Increasing the Security of Block Ciphers | p. 137 |
Double Encryption and Meet-in-the-Middle Attack | p. 138 |
Triple Encryption | p. 140 |
Key Whitening | p. 141 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 143 |
Lessons Learned | p. 144 |
Problems | p. 145 |
Introduction to Public-Key Cryptography | p. 149 |
Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Cryptography | p. 150 |
Practical Aspects of Public-Key Cryptography | p. 153 |
Security Mechanisms | p. 154 |
The Remaining Problem: Authenticity of Public Keys | p. 154 |
Important Public-Key Algorithms | p. 155 |
Key Lengths and Security Levels | p. 156 |
Essential Number Theory for Public-Key Algorithms | p. 157 |
Euclidean Algorithm | p. 157 |
Extended Euclidean Algorithm | p. 160 |
Euler's Phi Function | p. 164 |
Fermat's Little Theorem and Euler's Theorem | p. 166 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 168 |
Lessons Learned | p. 169 |
Problems | p. 170 |
The RSA Cryptosystem | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 174 |
Encryption and Decryption | p. 174 |
Key Generation and Proof of Correctness | p. 175 |
Encryption and Decryption: Fast Exponentiation | p. 179 |
Speed-up Techniques for RSA | p. 183 |
Fast Encryption with Short Public Exponents | p. 183 |
Fast Decryption with the Chinese Remainder Theorem | p. 184 |
Finding Large Primes | p. 187 |
How Common Are Primes? | p. 187 |
Primality Tests | p. 188 |
RSA in Practice: Padding | p. 192 |
Attacks | p. 194 |
Implementation in Software and Hardware | p. 197 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 198 |
Lessons Learned | p. 199 |
Problems | p. 200 |
Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on the Discrete Logarithm Problem | p. 205 |
Difne-Hellman Key Exchange | p. 206 |
Some Algebra | p. 208 |
Groups | p. 208 |
Cyclic Groups | p. 210 |
Subgroups | p. 214 |
The Discrete Logarithm Problem | p. 216 |
The Discrete Logarithm Problem in Prime Fields | p. 216 |
The Generalized Discrete Logarithm Problem | p. 218 |
Attacks Against the Discrete Logarithm Problem | p. 219 |
Security of the Difne-Hellman Key Exchange | p. 225 |
The Elgamal Encryption Scheme | p. 226 |
From Difne-Hellman Key Exhange to Elgamal Encryption | p. 226 |
The Elgamal Protocol | p. 227 |
Computational Aspects | p. 229 |
Security | p. 230 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 232 |
Lessons Learned | p. 233 |
Problems | p. 234 |
Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems | p. 239 |
How to Compute with Elliptic Curves | p. 239 |
Definition of Elliptic Curves | p. 240 |
Group Operations on Elliptic Curves | p. 242 |
Building a Discrete Logarithm Problem with Elliptic Curves | p. 245 |
Difne-Hellman Key Exchange with Elliptic Curves | p. 249 |
Security | p. 251 |
Implementation in Software and Hardware | p. 252 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 253 |
Lessons Learned | p. 255 |
Problems256 | |
Digital Signatures | p. 259 |
Introduction | p. 260 |
Odd Colors for Cars, or: Why Symmetric Cryptography Is Not Sufficient | p. 260 |
Principles of Digital Signatures | p. 261 |
Security Services | p. 263 |
The RSA Signature Scheme | p. 264 |
Schoolbook RSA Digital Signature | p. 265 |
Computational Aspects | p. 267 |
Security | p. 267 |
The Elgamal Digital Signature Scheme | p. 270 |
Schoolbook Elgamal Digital Signature | p. 270 |
Computational Aspects | p. 273 |
Security | p. 274 |
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) | p. 277 |
The DSA Algorithm | p. 277 |
Computational Aspects | p. 280 |
Security | p. 281 |
The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) | p. 282 |
The ECDSA Algorithm | p. 282 |
Computational Aspects | p. 285 |
Security | p. 286 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 287 |
Lessons Learned | p. 288 |
Problems | p. 289 |
Hash Functions | p. 293 |
Motivation: Signing Long Messages | p. 294 |
Security Requirements of Hash Functions | p. 296 |
Preimage Resistance or One-Wayness | p. 297 |
Second Preimage Resistance or Weak Collision Resistance | p. 297 |
Collision Resistance and the Birthday Attack | p. 299 |
Overview of Hash Algorithms | p. 303 |
Dedicated Hash Functions: The MD4 Family | p. 304 |
Hash Functions from Block Ciphers | p. 305 |
The Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-1 | p. 307 |
Preprocessing | p. 308 |
Hash Computation | p. 309 |
Implementation | p. 312 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 312 |
Lessons Learned | p. 313 |
Problems | p. 315 |
Message Authentication Codes (MACs) | p. 319 |
Principles of Message Authentication Codes | p. 320 |
MACs from Hash Functions: HMAC | p. 321 |
MACs from Block Ciphers: CBC-MAC | p. 325 |
Galois Counter Message Authentication Code (GMAC) | p. 327 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 327 |
Lessons Learned | p. 328 |
Problems | p. 329 |
Key Establishment | p. 331 |
Introduction | p. 332 |
Some Terminology | p. 332 |
Key Freshness and Key Derivation | p. 332 |
The n2 Key Distribution Problem | p. 334 |
Key Establishment Using Symmetric-Key Techniques | p. 336 |
Key Establishment with a Key Distribution Center | p. 336 |
Kerberos | p. 339 |
Remaining Problems with Symmetric-Key Distribution | p. 341 |
Key Establishment Using Asymmetric Techniques | p. 342 |
Man-in-the-Middle Attack | p. 342 |
Certificates | p. 344 |
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) and CAs | p. 347 |
Discussion and Further Reading | p. 351 |
Lssons Learned | p. 352 |
Problems | p. 353 |
References | p. 359 |
Index | p. 367 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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