Upgrading and Repairing PCs Field Guide

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Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2001-10-23
Publisher(s): Que Pub
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Summary

Upgrading and Repairing PCs: Field Guideis a portable, "essentials" version ofUpgrading and Repairing PCs, 13th Edition- the bestselling PC hardware book of all-time. Weighing less than half a pound, this tiny book packs a hefty punch - containing the essential information you need to upgrade and repair PCs, whether you're a hardcore pro or a weekend warrior. All of this information fits nicely in your toolkit, briefcase or backpack and be there to rescue you when you're out of your office and away from your trusty copy ofUpgrading and Repairing PCs.Use the connector quick reference section to identify most any connector or port you run across while servicing PCs out in the wild! Who says detailed coverage must come in a big package? This diminutive book makes up for its tiny size by providing you with a level of detail that exceeds that found in some bigger (in size and name) competitor books. Hundreds of detailed tables boil down complicated settings, standards and specifications into an easy to read - and easy to find - format. All of this detailed information easily fits in your toolkit, briefcase or book bag-right where you need it!

Author Biography

Scott Mueller is president of Mueller Technical Research, an international research and corporate training firm. Since 1982, MTR has specialized in the industry's most in-depth, accurate, and effective corporate PC hardware and technical training seminars, maintaining a client list that includes Fortune 500 companies, the U.S. government and foreign governments, major software and hardware corporations, as well as PC enthusiasts and entrepreneurs. His seminars have been presented to several thousands of PC support professionals throughout the world.

Scott has developed and presented training courses in all areas of PC hardware and software. He is an expert in PC hardware, operating systems, and data-recovery techniques. He currently spends about 25 weeks per year on the road teaching his seminars at several corporate clients. For more information about a custom PC hardware or data-recovery training seminar for your organization, contact Lynn at

Mueller Technical Research

21 Spring Lane

Barrington Hills, IL 60010-9009

(847) 854-6794

(847) 854-6795 Fax

Internet: scottmueller@compuserve.com

Web: http://www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com

http://www.m-tr.com

Scott has many popular books, articles, and course materials to his credit, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, which has sold more than two million copies, making it by far the most popular PC hardware book on the market today.

If you have suggestions for the next version of the book, or any comments about the book in general, send them to Scott via email at scottmueller@compuserve.com, or visit http://www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com and click the Ask Scott button.

When he is not working on PC-related books or on the road teaching seminars, Scott can usually be found in the garage working on several projects. This year he continues to work on his customized '99 Harley FLHRCI Road King Classic with a 95ci Twin-Cam motor (see you in Sturgis), as well as a modified 1998 5.9L Grand Cherokee (imagine a hotrod SUV).

Mark Edward Soper is president of Select Systems and Associates, Inc., a technical writing and training organization.

Mark has taught computer troubleshooting and other technical subjects to thousands of students from Maine to Hawaii since 1992. He is an A+ Certified hardware technician and a Microsoft Certified Professional. He has been writing technical documents since the mid-1980s and has contributed to many other Que books, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 11th, 12th,and 13th Editions; Upgrading and Repairing Networks, Second Edition; Special Edition Using Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition; Special Edition Using Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition; and Special Edition Using Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition. Mark coauthored both the first and second editions of Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Technician's Portable Reference and Upgrading and Repairing PCs: A+ Study Certification Guide, Second Edition. He is the author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to High-Speed Internet Connections and coauthor of TechTV's Upgrading Your PC.

Mark has been writing for major computer magazines since 1990, with more than 140 articles in publications such as SmartComputing, PCNovice, PCNovice Guides, and the PCNovice Learning Series. His early work was published in WordPerfect Magazine, The WordPerfectionist, and PCToday. Many of Mark's articles are available in back issues or electronically via the World Wide Web at http://www.smartcomputing.com. Select Systems maintains a subject index of all Mark's articles at http://www.selectsystems.com.

Mark welcomes comments at mesoper@selectsystems.com

.

Mark Reddin is president of Trinity Microsystems, Inc., a computer reseller and repair center in Indiana. He is a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer(MCSE) and A+ Certified PC technician who has enjoyed using computers, as well as breaking and fixing them, since the days of the early Commodore and Atari machines. Mark still enjoys being involved with computers and networks at a hands-on level and can often be found in the trenches, configuring hardware and running cables. He has been involved with several Que publications, providing technical verification as well as development. You can reach him through the contacts page at http://www.trinitymicrosystems.com

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(2)
General Technical Reference
3(20)
PC Subsystem Components Quick Reference
3(3)
The Motherboard and Its Components
6(1)
Understanding Bits and Bytes
7(1)
Standard Capacity Abbreviations and Meanings
7(1)
Glossary of Essential Terms
8(6)
Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions
14(7)
Windows Release/Version Numbers
21(2)
System Components and Configuration
23(50)
Processors and Their Data Bus Widths
23(1)
Differences Between PC/XT and AT Systems
24(1)
Intel and Compatible Processor Specifications
25(6)
Troubleshooting Processor Problems
31(2)
Motherboard Form Factors
33(3)
Baby-AT Motherboard
33(1)
LPX Motherboard
34(1)
ATX Motherboard
35(1)
NLX Motherboard
35(1)
Which Motherboard Is Which?
36(1)
PC99 Color-Coding for Ports
36(1)
Power Supplies
37(7)
LPX Versus ATX Power Supplies
38(1)
Power Connectors for the Drive(s)
39(1)
ATX Power Supply Connectors
40(2)
Dell Proprietary ATX Main and Auxiliary Power Connectors
42(1)
Quick-Reference Chart for Troubleshooting Power Supplies
43(1)
Memory Types
44(11)
DIMMs
45(1)
RDRAM
45(1)
DDR SDRAM
46(1)
Parity Versus Nonparity Memory
47(1)
Requirements for ECC Memory Use
48(1)
Using the ``Divide by 9'' Rule to Determine Parity Support
49(1)
Expanding Memory on a System
49(1)
Memory Troubleshooting
50(1)
Memory Usage Within the System
50(1)
Hardware and Firmware Devices That Use Memory Addresses
51(3)
Using Memory Addresses Beyond 1MB (OFFFFF)
54(1)
Determining Memory Address Ranges in Use
54(1)
Other Add-On Card Configuration Issues
55(13)
IRQs
56(2)
DMA
58(1)
Determining Actual IRQ and DMA Usage
58(2)
I/O Port Addresses
60(3)
Determining Actual I/O Address Ranges in Use
63(1)
Troubleshooting Add-On Card Resource Conflicts
63(5)
Expansion Slots
68(5)
ISA, EISA, and VL-Bus
68(1)
PCI
68(1)
AGP
69(1)
Expansion Slot Comparison
70(3)
BIOS Configurations and Upgrades
73(26)
What the BIOS Is and What It Does
73(1)
When a BIOS Update Is Necessary
73(2)
Specific Tests to Determine Whether Your BIOS Needs an Update
74(1)
Fixing BIOS Limitations-BIOS Fixes and Alternatives
74(1)
How BIOS Updates Are Performed
75(1)
Where BIOS Updates Come From
75(1)
Precautions to Take Before Updating a BIOS
76(1)
How to Recover from a Failed BIOS Update Procedure
77(1)
Plug-and-Play BIOS
78(4)
PnP BIOS Configuration Options
79(2)
When to Use the PnP BIOS Configuration Options
81(1)
Other BIOS Troubleshooting Tips
82(1)
Soft BIOS CPU Speed and Multiplier Settings
83(1)
Determining Which BIOS You Have
83(1)
Determining the Motherboard Manufacturer for BIOS Upgrades
84(2)
Identifying Motherboards with AMI BIOS
84(2)
Identifying Motherboards with Award BIOS
86(1)
Identifying Motherboards with Phoenix or Microid Research BIOS
86(1)
Accessing the BIOS Setup Programs
86(1)
How the BIOS Reports Errors
87(5)
BIOS Beep Codes and Their Purposes
88(1)
AMI BIOS Beep Codes and Solutions
88(2)
Award BIOS Beep Codes
90(1)
Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes
90(1)
IBM BIOS Beep and Alphanumeric Error Codes
91(1)
Microid Research Beep Codes
92(1)
Other BIOS and Motherboard Manufacturers' Beep and POST Codes
92(1)
Reading BIOS Error Codes
92(1)
Onscreen Error Messages
92(1)
Interpreting Error Codes and Messages
93(1)
BIOS Configuration Worksheet
93(6)
SCSI and ATA Hard Drives and Optical Drives
99(56)
Understanding Hard Disk Terminology
99(2)
Heads, Sectors per Track, and Cylinders
99(1)
Hard-Drive Heads
99(1)
Sectors per Track
100(1)
Cylinders
100(1)
IDE/ATA Hard Drive Identification
101(2)
Master and Slave Drives
101(2)
ATA Standards
103(3)
ATA/IDE Drive Capacity Limits
104(1)
Breaking the 528MB Drive Barrier
105(1)
Using LBA Mode
106(8)
When LBA Mode Is Necessary-and When Not to Use It
107(1)
Problems with LBA Support in the BIOS
107(1)
Dangers of Altering Translation Settings
108(1)
Detecting Lack of LBA Mode Support in Your System
108(1)
Using FDISK to Determine Compatibility Problems Between the Hard Disk and the BIOS
109(2)
The BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive (EDD) Specification
111(1)
Getting LBA and BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive (EDD) Support for Your System
111(1)
Determining Whether Your System Supports EDD
112(1)
Drive Capacity Issues in Microsoft Windows 95 and 98
113(1)
Sources for BIOS Upgrades and Alternatives for Large ATA Hard Disk Support
114(1)
Standard and Alternative Jumper Settings
115(1)
Improving Hard-Disk Speed
115(1)
Ultra DMA
116(2)
UDMA/66 and UDMA/100 Issues
116(2)
Bus-Mastering Chipsets for ATA
118(2)
Benefits of Manual Drive Typing
120(1)
Troubleshooting ATA Installation
121(1)
Serial ATA
122(1)
SCSI
123(2)
SCSI Types and Data Transfer Rates
123(2)
Single-Ended Versus Differential SCSI
125(1)
Low-Voltage Differential Devices
125(1)
SCSI Drive and Device Configuration
126(2)
SCSI Device ID
126(2)
SCSI Termination
128(1)
SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting
128(5)
Hard Disk Preparation
133(1)
Using FDISK
134(2)
Drive-Letter Size Limits
134(1)
Large Hard Disk Support
135(1)
Benefits of Hard-Disk Partitioning
136(3)
FAT32 Versus FAT16 Cluster Sizes
137(1)
Converting FAT16 Partition to FAT32
137(1)
NTFS Considerations and Default Cluster Sizes
138(1)
How Disk Partitioning and the Operating System Create and Allocate Drive Letters
139(5)
Assigning Drive Letters with FDISK
140(2)
Differences Between FDISK and Disk Management
142(1)
High-Level (DOS) Format
142(2)
Third-Party Hard-Disk Installation Programs
144(2)
Drive Migration Data-Transfer Methods
146(2)
XCOPY
146(1)
Drive-Copying Utilities
147(1)
Hard-Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Repair
148(2)
Drive and System Configuration Errors
149(1)
Optical Drive Interface Types
150(1)
MS-DOS Command-Line Access to CD-ROM Drives for Reloading Windows
150(2)
Troubleshooting Optical Drives
152(3)
Failure Reading a CD
152(1)
Failure Reading CD-R and CD-RW Disks in a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Drive
152(1)
ATA/ATAPI CD-ROM Drive Runs Slowly
153(1)
Trouble Using Bootable CDs
154(1)
Floppy, Removable, Tape, and Flash Memory Storage
155(24)
Floppy Drives
155(9)
Where Floppy Drives Fail-and Simple Fixes
156(2)
Floppy Drive Hardware Resources and Potential Conflicts
158(1)
Disk Drive Power and Data Connectors
158(3)
Floppy Drive Troubleshooting
161(1)
Common Floppy Drive Error Messages-Causes and Solutions
162(2)
Removable Storage Drives
164(6)
Sources for ``Orphan'' Drive Media, Repairs, Drivers, and Support
168(1)
Troubleshooting Removable Media Drives
169(1)
Types of Flash Memory Devices
170(1)
Troubleshooting Flash Memory Devices
171(1)
Tape Backup Drives and Media
171(8)
Common Tape Backup Standards
171(1)
Travan Tape Drives and Media
172(1)
Beyond Travan-Larger Tape-Backup Devices
173(1)
Successful Tape Backup and Restore Procedures
174(1)
Tape Drive Troubleshooting
175(3)
Tape Retensioning
178(1)
Serial and Parallel Ports and Devices
179(28)
Understanding Serial Ports
179(2)
Pinouts for Serial Ports
179(2)
UARTs
181(3)
UART Types
181(2)
Identifying Your System UART
183(1)
High-Speed Serial Ports (ESP and Super ESP)
184(1)
Serial Port Configuration
184(3)
Avoiding Conflicts with Serial Ports
185(1)
Troubleshooting I/O Ports in Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP
186(1)
Advanced Diagnostics Using Loopback Testing
186(1)
Modems
187(7)
Modems and Serial Ports
187(1)
56Kbps and Older Modem Modulation Standards
187(1)
Upgrading from X2 or K56flex to V.90 with Flash Upgrades
188(2)
External Versus Internal Modems
190(1)
Modem Troubleshooting
191(2)
Pinouts for External Modem Cable (Nine-Pin at PC)
193(1)
Parallel Port Connectors
194(3)
Parallel Port Performance
194(1)
Parallel Port Configurations
195(1)
Testing Parallel Ports
195(1)
Troubleshooting Parallel Ports and Devices
196(1)
Printers
197(10)
Comparing Host-Based to PDL-Based Printers
199(1)
Printer Hardware Problems
200(2)
Printer Connection Problems
202(2)
Printer Driver and Application Problems
204(3)
USB and IEEE-1394 Ports and Devices
207(14)
Universal Serial Bus
207(8)
USB Port Identification
207(1)
Pinout for the USB Connector
207(1)
Typical USB Port Locations
208(1)
Adding USB Ports to Your Computer
208(1)
USB 1.x Versus Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0)
208(3)
Prerequisites for Using USB Ports and Peripherals
211(1)
Using USB Hubs with Legacy (Serial, Parallel, and PS/2) Ports
212(1)
Online Sources for Additional USB Support
213(1)
Troubleshooting USB Ports
213(2)
IEEE-1394
215(6)
Adding IEEE-1394 Ports to Your Computer
216(1)
Current and Future Versions of IEEE-1394
216(1)
Comparing IEEE-1394a and USB 1.1 /2.0
217(1)
Troubleshooting IEEE-1394 Host Adapters and Devices
218(1)
IEEE-1394 and Linux
218(1)
Online Sources for Additional IEEE-1394 Support
219(2)
Keyboards, Mice, and Input Devices
221(22)
Keyboard Designs
221(1)
Using Windows Keys
221(4)
Keyboard-Only Commands for Windows 9x/NT4/2000/Me with Any Keyboard
222(3)
Key Switch Types
225(2)
Cleaning a Keyboard
226(1)
Adjusting Keyboard Parameters in Windows
227(1)
Keyboard Layouts and Scan Codes
227(4)
Keyboard Connectors
231(1)
Keyboard Connector Signals
231(1)
USB Keyboard Requirements
232(1)
Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair
233(1)
Keyboard Connector Voltage and Signal Specifications
234(1)
Keyboard Error Codes
234(1)
Mice and Pointing Devices
235(4)
Mouse Motion-Detection Methods
235(1)
Pointing Device Interface Types
235(2)
Wireless Mouse Types
237(1)
Software Drivers for the Mouse
237(1)
Alternative Pointing Devices
238(1)
Mouse Troubleshooting
239(4)
Video and Audio
243(30)
Monitor Resolution
243(2)
CRTs Versus LCDs
243(1)
Common Monitor Resolutions
244(1)
Monitor Power-Management Modes
245(1)
VGA Video Connector Pinouts
246(2)
VGA DB-15 Analog Connector Pinout
246(1)
Digital Visual Interface Pinouts
247(1)
Video RAM
248(1)
Memory, Resolution, and Color Depth
249(3)
Determining the Amount of RAM on Your Display Card
252(1)
Local-Bus Video Standards
252(1)
Refresh Rates
253(2)
RAMDAC
253(1)
Adjusting the Refresh Rate of the Video Card
254(1)
Comparing Video Cards with the Same Chipset
254(1)
Setting Up Multiple Monitor Support in Windows 98/Me/2000/XP
255(3)
System Configuration Issues for Multiple-Monitor Support
256(1)
Multiple-Head Video Cards
257(1)
Multimedia Devices
258(1)
Troubleshooting Video Capture Devices
258(4)
Testing a Monitor with Common Applications
260(2)
Audio I/O Connectors
262(3)
Connectors for Advanced Features
263(1)
Additional Equipment and Software
264(1)
Sound Quality Standards
265(1)
Configuring Sound Cards
266(1)
PCI Versus ISA Sound Cards
266(1)
Multifunction (Modem and Sound) Cards
267(1)
Troubleshooting Audio Hardware
267(6)
Hardware (Resource) Conflicts
267(1)
Detecting Resource Conflicts
267(3)
Most Common Causes of Hardware Conflicts with ISA Sound Card
270(1)
Other Sound Card Problems
270(3)
Networking
273(38)
Client/Server Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking
273(1)
Choosing Network Hardware and Software
274(5)
NIC
275(1)
UTP Cable
275(1)
Hubs and Switches
276(1)
Software
277(2)
Network Protocols
279(1)
IP and TCP/IP
279(1)
Selecting a Network Data-Link Protocol (Specification)
280(1)
Network Cable Connectors
281(1)
Wire Pairing for Twisted-Pair Cabling
282(3)
Making Your Own UTP Cables
283(2)
Network Cabling Distance Limitations
285(1)
Specialized Network Options
286(5)
Telephone Line Networks
286(1)
Wireless Networking Standards
287(2)
Wireless Network Configuration and Selection Issues
289(1)
Calculating the Cost per User for Your Wireless Network
290(1)
TCP/IP Network Protocol Settings
291(4)
Configuring the Home Network
292(1)
Routers and TCP/IP
292(1)
TCP/IP Protocol Worksheet
293(2)
Troubleshooting Networks
295(3)
Troubleshooting Network Software Setup
295(1)
Troubleshooting Networks in Use
296(1)
Troubleshooting TCP/1P
297(1)
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)
298(4)
Requirements for ICS
299(3)
Direct Cable Connections
302(9)
Data-Transfer Cables
303(1)
Direct-Connect Software
304(1)
Setting Up Direct Cable Connections
304(2)
Using DCC
306(1)
Troubleshooting Direct Cable Connections
306(5)
Tools end Techniques
311(8)
General Information
311(1)
Hardware Tools and Their Uses
311(8)
Tools of the Trade--Drive Installation
313(1)
Tools of the Trade--Motherboard and Expansion Card Installation
314(1)
Tools of the Trade--External Device and Networking Installation
315(2)
Tools of the Trade--Data Transfer
317(1)
Tools of the Trade--Cleaning and Maintenance
317(2)
Connector Quick Reference
319(14)
Serial Ports and Cables
319(5)
Parallel Ports
320(1)
SCSI Ports
321(2)
USB and IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
323(1)
Keyboard and Mouse Ports
324(1)
Video Connectors
325(2)
Video Ports
325(1)
Video Cables
326(1)
Sound Card Ports
327(2)
Sound Card Basic External Ports
327(2)
Sound Card Internal Connectors
329(1)
Network and Modem Ports and Cables
329(4)
RJ-45 Port and Cable
329(1)
RJ-11 Port and Cable Connector
330(1)
Older Network Connectors
330(3)
Index 333

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