Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective,9780205464104

Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780205464104
ISBN10: 0205464106
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2011-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

Introduction to Counselingprovides an overview of counseling and the helping professions from the perspective of art and science: the science of counseling that generates a knowledge base proven to promote competency and efficacy in the practitioner, and the art of using this knowledge base to build skills that can be applied sensitively to clients in a multicultural society. The Third Edition has been organized into three sections: An overview of counseling and the counseling process; developing a personal approach to counseling from a multicultural perspective; and special approaches and settings. The text stays true to its original focus by using the concept of art and science as a unifying theme. This new edition addresses topics of multicultural counseling and diversity issues such as gender, culture, and sexual orientation in each chapter, communicating how multiculturalism can be integrated into all aspects of counseling rather than viewed as a separate entity.

Author Biography

Michael S. Nystul holds the position of professor in the department of counseling and educational psychology at New Mexico State University.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
About the Author xix
PART ONE An Overview of Counseling and the Counseling Process
1(136)
An Overview of Counseling
2(23)
Welcome to the Field of Counseling
2(1)
What Is Counseling?
3(10)
The Art and Science of Counseling and Psychotherapy
3(3)
Counseling as Storytelling
6(1)
Counseling and Psychotherapy
7(2)
Differentiating Formal from Informal Helping
9(1)
Personal Qualities of Effective Helpers
10(3)
The Helping Profession
13(1)
Counseling: Past, Present, and Future
13(10)
Counseling from a Historical Perspective
13(4)
Present Trends
17(6)
Summary
23(1)
Personal Exploration
24(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 1
24(1)
Professional Preparation and Ethical and Legal Issues
25(28)
Becoming a Professional Counselor
25(5)
Formal Study and Professional Affiliation
25(1)
Certification and Licensure
26(3)
Continuing Education
29(1)
Professional Involvement
29(1)
Ethical-Legal Issues
30(21)
The Art and Science of Ethical-Legal Issues
30(1)
Ethical Issues
31(7)
Legal Issues
38(3)
Special Ethical and Legal Issues
41(5)
Ethical-Legal Decision Making
46(2)
Clinical Examples
48(3)
Summary
51(1)
Personal Exploration
51(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 2
52(1)
The Counseling Process
53(37)
The Art and Science of the Counseling Process
53(1)
The Six Stages of the Counseling Process
54(13)
Stage One: Relationship Building
54(6)
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
60(1)
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
61(2)
Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
63(3)
Stage Five: Termination and Follow-Up
66(1)
Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
66(1)
Listening Skills
67(5)
Primary Listening Skills
67(2)
Secondary Listening Skills
69(1)
Counseling Vignette
70(1)
Effective Listening ``Don'ts''
71(1)
Effective Listening ``Do's''
72(1)
A Final Thought Regarding Listening Skills
72(1)
Recent Trends in the Counseling Process
72(9)
Emotions
73(1)
Postmodern Trends
74(4)
Brief-Counseling Approaches
78(1)
Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling
79(2)
Common Problems for Beginning Counselors
81(6)
Focusing on the First Issue in a Session
82(1)
Overlooking Physical or Medical Issues
82(1)
Wanting to Rescue Clients from Their Unhappiness
82(1)
Having Perfectionist Tendencies
83(1)
Having Unrealistic Expectations
83(1)
Getting Carried Away with the Latest Technique
84(1)
Getting Lost in the Counseling Process
84(1)
Using Inappropriate Phrases
84(1)
Having an Excessive Desire to Help
85(1)
Having an Excessive Need to Be Liked
85(1)
Getting Too Emotionally Involved
85(1)
Taking Things Too Personally
86(1)
Having Difficulty Differentiating Between Normal and Abnormal
86(1)
Being Uncertain About Self-Disclosure
86(1)
Being Uncertain About Confidentiality
86(1)
Diversity Issues
87(1)
Summary
88(1)
Personal Exploration
88(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 3
88(2)
Assessment and Diagnosis
90(27)
The Art and Science of Assessment and Diagnosis
90(1)
Assessment and Diagnosis
91(1)
Assessment
91(12)
Evaluation of Tests
92(1)
Administration and Interpretation of Tests
93(1)
Test Bias
94(2)
Types of Tests
96(7)
Diagnosis
103(10)
Historical Perspective
103(1)
The DSM-IV-TR
104(4)
The Clinical Interview
108(2)
Treatment Planning
110(3)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Assessment and Diagnosis
113(3)
Summary
116(1)
Personal Exploration
116(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 4
116(1)
Counseling Research and Evaluation
117(20)
The Art and Science of Research and Evaluation
117(1)
The Purpose of Research and Evaluation
118(3)
Theory, Research, and Practice
118(1)
Research, Evaluation, and Counselor Accountability
119(1)
The Contribution of Research to the Counseling Field
120(1)
Overview of the Types of Research
121(14)
Types of Research Methodologies
122(2)
Shortcomings of Traditional Counseling Research
124(11)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Research and Evaluation
135(1)
Summary
135(1)
Personal Exploration
136(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 5
136(1)
PART TWO Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective
137(136)
Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective
138(35)
The Art and Science of Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective
138(1)
Developing a Personal Approach to Counseling
139(2)
An Eight-Stage Model for Developing a Personal Approach
141(8)
Stage One: Self-Assessment
141(1)
Stage Two: Survey of Supportive Disciplines
142(5)
Stage Three: Overview of Major Counseling Theories
147(1)
Stage Four: Intensive Study of One Counseling Theory
147(1)
Stage Five: Sensitivity to Individual Differences
148(1)
Stage Six: Integration of Techniques from Counseling Theories
149(1)
Stage Seven: Implementation
149(1)
Stage Eight: Research and Evaluation
149(1)
Multicultural Counseling
149(2)
Terms and Concepts
149(1)
Theoretical Perspectives for Multicultural Counseling
150(1)
Potential Challenges in Multicultural Counseling
151(11)
Counseling as a White Middle-Class Activity
151(1)
Social Class
151(1)
Gender
152(1)
The Intrapsychic Perspective
152(1)
Sexual Orientation
153(1)
Stereotyping
154(1)
Communication Problems
154(1)
Faulty Assumptions
155(2)
Test Bias
157(1)
Prejudice
158(1)
Racism
159(1)
The Efficacy of Multicultural Counseling
160(2)
Suggestions for Incorporating a Multicultural Perspective
162(9)
Beliefs, Knowledge, and Skills
162(2)
Recent Trends in Multicultural Competency
164(1)
Worldview
165(1)
Identity Development
166(1)
Methods to Evaluate Counseling Theories
167(2)
Guidelines for Multicultural Counseling
169(2)
Summary
171(1)
Personal Exploration
172(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 6
172(1)
The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung
173(31)
The Art and Science of the Classic Theories
173(1)
An Overview of Freud, Adler, and Jung
174(1)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
175(10)
Background Information
175(1)
Theory of Personality
176(4)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
180(1)
Techniques
181(1)
Contemporary Issues
182(1)
Freudian Brief Approaches to Counseling
183(1)
Summary and Evaluation
184(1)
Adler's Individual Psychology
185(10)
Background Information
185(1)
Theory of Personality
186(3)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
189(1)
Techniques
190(2)
Contemporary Issues
192(1)
Adlerian Brief Approaches to Counseling
193(1)
Postmodern Trends and Adlerian Psychology
194(1)
Summary and Evaluation
194(1)
Jung's Analytic Psychology
195(6)
Background Information
195(1)
Theory of Personality
196(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
198(1)
Techniques
199(1)
Contemporary Issues
199(1)
Jungian Brief Approaches to Counseling
200(1)
Summary and Evaluation
200(1)
The Classic Theories and Their Use in Contemporary Practice
201(1)
Diversity Issues in the Classic Theories
201(1)
Brief Counseling and the Classic Theories
202(1)
Summary
202(1)
Personal Exploration
203(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 7
203(1)
Experiential Theories and Approaches
204(30)
The Art and Science of Experiential Counseling
204(1)
Experiential Counseling
205(1)
Experiential Theories
205(1)
Person-Centered Therapy
206(4)
Background Information
206(1)
Theory of Personality
207(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
208(1)
Techniques
209(1)
Summary and Evaluation
209(1)
Gestalt Therapy
210(3)
Background Information
210(1)
Theory of Personality
210(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
212(1)
Techniques
212(1)
Summary and Evaluation
213(1)
Existential Therapy
213(4)
Background Information
213(1)
Theory of Personality
213(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
215(1)
Techniques
216(1)
Summary and Evaluation
216(1)
Creative Arts Therapy
217(12)
Professional Issues
217(4)
Music Therapy
221(1)
Art Therapy
222(1)
Drama Therapy
223(2)
Dance Therapy
225(1)
Bibliotherapy
226(1)
Multimodality CAT
227(1)
Summary and Evaluation of CAT
228(1)
Research Trends in Experiential Counseling
229(3)
Brief Approaches to Experiential Counseling
230(1)
Diversity Issues in Experiential Counseling
231(1)
Summary
232(1)
Personal Exploration
233(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 8
233(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
234(39)
The Art and Science of Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling
234(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
235(1)
Behavior Therapy
235(7)
Background Information
235(2)
Theory of Personality
237(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
238(4)
Summary and Evaluation
242(1)
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
242(5)
Background Information
242(1)
Theory of Personality
243(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
245(1)
Summary and Evaluation
246(1)
Cognitive Therapy
247(4)
Background Information
247(1)
Theory of Personality
247(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
249(1)
Summary and Evaluation
250(1)
Transactional Analysis (TA)
251(7)
Background Information
251(1)
Theory of Personality
252(4)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
256(1)
Summary and Evaluation
257(1)
Reality Therapy
258(4)
Background Information
258(1)
Theory of Personality
259(2)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
261(1)
Summary and Evaluation
262(1)
Feminist Therapy
262(5)
Background Information
262(1)
Theory of Personality
263(1)
Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
264(2)
Summary and Evaluation
266(1)
Special Issues in Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling
267(3)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories from a Brief-Counseling Perspective
267(1)
Diversity Issues
268(1)
Postmodern Trends
269(1)
Summary
270(1)
Personal Exploration
271(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 9
271(2)
PART THREE Special Approaches and Settings
273(183)
Marriage and Family Counseling
274(25)
The Art and Science of Marriage and Family Counseling
274(1)
Evolution of Marriage and Family Counseling
275(1)
Psychoanalysis
275(1)
General Systems Theory
275(1)
Research on Schizophrenia
275(1)
Marriage Counseling and Child Guidance
275(1)
Group Therapy
275(1)
Changing Family Structure
276(1)
Marriage Counseling Versus Couples Counseling
276(1)
Professional Issues and Organizations
276(1)
Theoretical Foundations
277(5)
Systems Theory
277(1)
Key Concepts
277(3)
Evaluation of Systems Theory
280(1)
The Family Life Cycle
280(2)
Evaluation of the Family Life Cycle
282(1)
Marriage Counseling
282(5)
The Counseling Process
283(1)
Skills-Based Marriage Counseling
283(1)
Marital Assessment
284(3)
Family Counseling
287(8)
Psychodynamic Family Counseling
287(1)
Experiential Family Counseling
287(2)
Structural Family Counseling
289(1)
Strategic Family Counseling
289(1)
Adlerian Family Counseling
290(1)
Postmodern/Social Constructionist Trends in Family Counseling
291(3)
The Counseling Process
294(1)
Diversity Issues in Marriage and Family Counseling
295(2)
Evaluation of Marriage and Family Counseling
297(1)
Summary
298(1)
Personal Exploration
298(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 10
298(1)
Child and Adolescent Counseling
299(42)
The Art and Science of Child and Adolescent Counseling
299(1)
Children and Adolescents from a Historical Perspective
300(2)
Children
300(1)
Adolescents
301(1)
Developmental Theories
302(11)
Cognitive Theories
303(2)
Theories of Moral Development
305(1)
Psychosocial Theories
305(1)
Developmental Psychopathology
306(1)
The Classic Theories
307(1)
Emerging Developmental Trends
307(6)
Treatment Issues
313(12)
Assessment Procedures
313(3)
Child and Adolescent Counseling Goals
316(1)
Child and Adolescent Counseling Research
317(1)
Special Counseling Approaches for Children and Adolescents
317(5)
Guidelines for Child and Adolescent Counseling
322(3)
Special Problems of Children and Adolescents
325(13)
Child Abuse and Neglect
325(4)
Depression
329(3)
Suicide
332(2)
Antisocial Behavior
334(4)
Diversity and Postmodern Issues in Child and Adolescent Counseling
338(2)
Summary
340(1)
Personal Exploration
340(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 11
340(1)
Group Counseling
341(19)
The Art and Science of Group Counseling
341(1)
Group Counseling
342(1)
Group Counseling from a Historical Perspective
342(1)
Comparison to Individual and Family Counseling
343(6)
Group Counseling Versus Individual Counseling
344(1)
Group Counseling Versus Family Counseling
345(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Counseling
346(1)
Group Goals and Processes
347(1)
Types of Groups
347(2)
Problem Solving and Group Process
349(1)
Group Size, Composition, and Duration
350(1)
Use of Coleaders
351(1)
Pregroup Screening and Orientation
351(1)
Stages in Group Counseling
352(1)
Stage 1: The Initial Stage
352(1)
Stage 2: The Transition Stage
353(1)
Stage 3: The Working Stage
353(1)
Stage 4: The Final Stage
353(1)
Brief-Solution-Focused Group Counseling
353(1)
Dealing with Disruptive Group Members
354(1)
Common Mistakes of Group Leaders
355(1)
Qualities of Effective Group Leaders
356(1)
Diversity Issues
357(1)
Summary
358(1)
Personal Exploration
359(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 12
359(1)
Career Counseling
360(23)
The Art and Science of Career Counseling
360(1)
Evolution of Career Counseling
361(1)
Theoretical Foundations
362(7)
Career Development Theories
362(5)
Career Decision-Making Theories
367(2)
Treatment Issues
369(6)
Personal Counseling Versus Career Counseling
369(2)
Assessment Instruments
371(2)
The Process of Career Counseling
373(1)
Intervention Strategies
374(1)
Special Issues
375(5)
Career Counseling for Women
375(3)
Computer-Assisted Career Counseling
378(2)
Diversity Issues in Career Counseling
380(2)
Summary
382(1)
Personal Exploration
382(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 13
382(1)
School Counseling
383(39)
The Art and Science of School Counseling
383(1)
A Comprehensive Developmental Model for School Counseling
384(3)
A Developmental Perspective
386(1)
Role and Function of School Counselors
387(9)
A Historical Perspective
388(2)
The Current ASCA Role Statement, Definition, Standards, and National Model
390(2)
Role and Function by Grade Level and Setting
392(4)
Special Skills and Problems
396(18)
Consultation
396(4)
Counseling Exceptional Students
400(7)
Special Problems
407(7)
Trends in School Counseling
414(7)
Diversity Issues
417(2)
Brief-Solution-Focused Counseling
419(1)
Use of Technology
420(1)
Summary
421(1)
Personal Exploration
421(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 14
421(1)
Mental Health Counseling
422(34)
The Art and Science of Mental Health Counseling
422(1)
Professional Issues
423(2)
The Role and Function of Mental Health Counselors
425(6)
Direct Intervention Strategies
426(2)
Indirect Intervention Strategies
428(3)
Categories of Mental Health Services
431(4)
Problems of Living
431(1)
Mental Disorders
432(3)
Strategies for Suicidal Clients
435(5)
Causes
435(1)
Myths About Suicide
436(1)
Treatment Strategies
436(4)
Strategies for Clients with Substance-Abuse Problems
440(8)
Diagnosis
440(2)
Special Treatment Issues
442(1)
Counseling Goals
442(1)
Treatment Strategies
443(2)
Stages of Change
445(1)
Prevention of Relapses
446(2)
Trends and Perspectives
448(6)
Postmodern Trends
448(2)
Mental Health Counseling and the Internet
450(1)
Ecosystemic Mental Health Counseling
451(1)
Diversity Issues
452(1)
Managed Care
453(1)
Summary
454(1)
Personal Exploration
455(1)
Web Sites for Chapter 15
455(1)
References 456(47)
Name Index 503(12)
Subject Index 515(17)
Credits 532

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